OF CORNWALL.
37
which was on the fummit of a moor, from whence the ground, declining to the North, makes way for part of the water to run northerly, which is the head of the River Turridge, navigable a little above the town of Bideford, and the ground fhelving away on the other fide at the fame time to the South, drains away the bogs of the fame moor to the Southward from the fame fountain, and forms the beginning of Tamar, which, at the diftance of ten miles, becomes confiderable enough to give name to the fmall parifh and village of North Tamarton, where leaving a bridge of ftone, it continues
on to the South till it enters the parifh of St. Stephen’s', at the corner of which parifh it receives a very plentiful ftream, called Werington River. About a mile and half farther down it receives the Aterey River (which runs under the walls of Lancefton), and becomes Icon alter, at Polftun bridge', a confiderable, wide, and rapid ftream. Hence it coafts on nearly South, receiving the brooks from each fide, till it has paffed Graiftun ’ bridge *, a mile below which, it

receives the Lowley River, and foon after a more plentiful ftream from Altarnun, Lewanic, and Lezant parifhes, called the Inny, and the place where it joins the Tamar, called Inny-foot . The Tamar increafing ftill, has a high, ftrong, ftone bridge, in Stokeclymiland, called commonly Horfe Bridge, but by Leland Hawtebrig; that is, High Bridge. The laft bridge on this River is in the parifh of Calftok, begun, fays Leland', by Sir Perfe Edgeumbe'. The tide almoft reached this bridge in the time of Henry VIII'. but it was navigable no further than Morleham, about two miles below, to which fmall barks ftill come. Five miles farther down, the Tamar receives the Tavy on the Eaft, and, having made a Creek into the parifhes of Botsfleming and Landulph on the Weft, incomes a fpacious harbour, and washing the foot of the antient borough of Saltafh within half a mile, is joined by the Lynher Creek and
River, then paffing ftraight forward forms the noble harbour of
Hamoze , called formerly Tamerworth ; where making two large
Creeks, one called St. John's, the other Millbrook, at the Weft, and
Stonehoufe Creek at the Eaft, (after a courfe of about forty miles,
nearly South) the Tamar paffes into the Sea, having Mount
Edgeumbe for its weftern, and the lands of Stonehoufe and St. Ni

Castle-an-Dinas Mine, near St Austell in Cornwall, it was the only mine in the country where wolfram was the sole ore produced. Wolfram and scheelite are the chief ores of tungsten. A lode at Castle-an-Dinas was mined from 1917 until 1958 and the mine became Cornwall's premier wolfram producer.

Castle-an-Dinas Mine records a fluctuating output until 1934, and a steady production of about 200 tons of concentrates per annum thereafter, up to the closure of the mine in 1958.

The value of tungsten for hardening steel was not understood until the late 1800's. Tungsten ores were up till then regarded as an impurity in tin concentrates and were treated as waste. After the recognition of the properties of tungsten metal as an additive to alloys and steel, there was a demand for tungsten mineral concentrates and production from a number of Cornish mines.

The demand for tungsten peaked during war-time, but restrictions on capital and supplies meant that Castle-an-Dinas Mine used hand-drilling and steam-powered machinery for much of its life. Today tungsten wire is used in the manufacture of electric light filaments. Tungsten carbide is widely used in the manufacturing of cutting tools and dies, and in powdered form as an abrasive. Tungsten compounds find various other uses in the chemicals industry and in pigments.

The tungsten-bearing lodes are within outcrops of granite, and are often enclosed by a distinctive product of granite "greisen", in which original granite is replaced by a dark grey mass of mica and quartz. At several places, as, for example Cligga Head or St Michael's Mount, tungsten ores occur in sheeted vein complexes, while elsewhere, as in the Gunnislake district, the ores may be found in classical fissure veins.

The principal ore of tungsten is the iron/manganese tungstate, wolframite. Wolframite occurs in veins together with quartz, some cassiterite may also be present in variable proportions. Small amounts of sulphides and arsenic minerals also occur in tungsten veins.

Wolframite was difficult to from tin concentrates. Originally it was separated using the Oxland process, which involved roasting with sodium hydroxide, and subsequently leaching sodium tungstate. Later magnetic separation became the standard technique for the production of concentrates of Wolfram.

The ore potential south of the old workings has been estimated at about 1000 tonnes of recoverable tungsten. To the north the strike length of possible mineralisation is less predictable, but there is a belief that this area offers the better target for exploration.

Castle-an-Dinas 1916-1957:Cornwall's Premier Wolfram Mine

Brychan ap Anlach of Brycheiniog was a legendary 5th-century king of Brycheiniog (Brecknockshire, alternatively Breconshire) in Mid Wales.

Name variations

Brychan had Irish ancestry and came from Ireland to Wales, therefore his original name was likely to have been Irish prior to his being calledBrychanwhich is of Welshetymology. In some sources he is calledBrocanuswhich is the Latinized version of the Irish nameBroccan. He is also sometimes referred to as Braccan, Brachan, Brecin and Breccan.

Life

See also: Uí Liatháin

According toCeltichagiographyBrychan was born in Ireland, the son of a Prince Anlach Goronog mac Cormach, son of King Cormach mac Urb, and his wife, Marchel verch Tewdrig ap Teithfal, heiress of theWelshkingdom of Garthmadrun (Brycheiniog), which the couple later inherited. Upon his father's death, he returned to Garthmadrun and changed its name to Brycheiniog. Brychan's name may be a Welsh version of the Irish name Broccán and that of his grandfather Coronac may represent Cormac. Brychan's education was entrusted to one Drichan.

TheLife of St.Cadocby Lifris (c. 1100) portrays Brychan fighting Arthur, CaiandBedwyrbecause of King Gwynllyw of Gwynllwg's abduction of his daughter St.Gwladys from his court in Talgarth.

Portraiture and veneration

He is occasionally described as anundocumented saint^[7]but the traditional literature does not call him a saint, referring to him as a patriarch instead, and he has no churches named for him. A 15th-century stained glass window in the parish church atSt Neotin Cornwall, supposedly depicts Brychan, seated and crowned, holding in his arms eleven children. This, however, has been described by a standard modern guide as "God with Souls in his lap".^[9]He is given a saint day on 6 April.^[10]

Children of Brychan

According to Christian tradition, Brychan was married three times – to Prawst ferch Tydwal, Banhadlwedd ferch Banadi, andGwladys– and had a very large family. These wives are mentioned in severalmanuscripts, including those byWilliam Worcester,John Leland, andNicholas Roscarrock. The number of children attributed to him varies from twelve to sixty-three, the number most frequently encountered being twenty-four. There are two main lists however, one of Welsh origin and one of Cornish origin. Most of his children appear to have travelled fromBreconto evangeliseCornwalland NorthDevon, where they are now venerated, but there is little agreement between the two lists.

The number of Brychan's children may have grown over time, as more and more secular people as well as saints wished to claim descent from one of the "Holy Families of Britain". Listed below are children fromWelsh,Cornish, Irish, andBretonsources:

Sons in Welsh sources

The sons listed in theCognacio Brychan,De Situ Brecheniaucand thegenealogies of Jesus College MS 20areCynog, Rhain Dremrudd, Clydwyn, Arthen, Papai,Dingad, Berwyn and Rhydog. Also listed, but not in all three, are Cynon, Pasgen, Cylflifer, Marthaerun and Rhun. Other Welsh sources claim the following additional sons: Caian, Cynbryd, Cynfran, Cynin, Dogfan,Dyfnan, Dyfrig, Hychan, Llecheu, Neffei, Rhawin, Llofan, Llonio, Heilin, Afallach and Gwynnws.^[11]

Daughters in Welsh sources

TheDe Situ Brecheniauclists:Meleri, Hunydd, Gwladys, Ceingar, Tudglid, Nyfain, Gwawr, Marchell, Lluan, Gwrygon Goddeu, Arianwen, Bethan, Ceinwen (Keyne), Cerddych, Clydai, Cynheiddon (identified withSaint Endelienta),Dwynwen,Eiliwedd, Goleudydd, Gwen, Lludd,Tudful, Tudwystl and Tybie. Other Welsh sources claim the following additional daughters: Beiol (Bilo), Tydieu, Eufail, Hawystl, Edwen, Gwenrhiw, Tudwen,Callwen,Gwenfyl, Gwennan and Mwynwen.^[11]An Irish scource claimed another daughter, Saint Almeda, the fourth of Brychan's daughters.^[12]

Descendants in Cornish sources

Listed in theLife of Saint Nectanare, by his wife, Gwladys:
Adwen, Canauc (Cynog), Cleder (Clether), Dilic (Illick),Endelient(Endelienta), Helie, Johannes (Sion), Iona, Julitta (Ilud), Kenhender (Cynidr), Keri (Curig), Mabon (Mabyn),Menfre(Menefrewy), Merewenne (Marwenna), Morewenna (Morwenna), Nectanus (Nectan), Tamalanc, Tedda (Tetha), Wencu (Gwencuff, Gwengustle, name of Saint Nennocha), Wenheden (Enoder),Wenna(Gwen), Wensent, Wynup (Gwenabwy) and Yse (Issey).^[11]

Of the holy children that settled in Cornwall, the following gave their names to Cornish churches and villages:

1. AdwenatAdvent
2. Cleder atSt Clether
3. Dilic atLandulph
4. EndelientatSt Endellion
5. EnoderatSt Enoder
6. Gwenep atGwennap
7. Helie atEgloshayle
8. JulittaatSt Juliot
9. Keri atEgloskerry
10. KeyneatSt Keyne
11. MabonatSt Mabyn
12. MenfreatSt Minver
13. Merewenne atMarhamchurch
14. MorwennaatMorwenstow
15. NectanatSt. Nectan's Glen
16. TetheatSt Teath
17. WennaatSt Wenn
18. Yse atSt Issey

Irish sources

TheBook of Leinsterlists the following sons by Brychan's wife, Dína daughter of the King of the Saxons:Mo-Goróc, Mo-Chonóc (Cynog), Diraid, Dubán (Dyfnan), Cairinne (Caian), Cairpre, Iast, Ellóc (Dilic), Paan, Cáemán and Mo-Beóc.^[11]

Breton sources

Breton tradition says that Brychan married Menedoc daughter of Constantine, King of the Scots. Together they were the parents ofSaint Nennocha.^[11]

John Elyot was appointed chantry priest to Saint Marys at Sticklepath, Sept. 20, 1370. William Elyot was a leading ecclesiastic of the diocese, and principal registrar of bishops Lacy and Nevyll, area 1450. Another William Elyot was settled with his wife Jane at Coteland, in the parish of Charleton, near Totnes, to whom bishop Lacy on January 16  1137, granted a licence for having divine service performed in their mansion there.
Port Eliot House, the seat of Edward Granville Eliot, G.C.B., P.C., and LL.D., the third Earl of Saint Germans, occupies the site of the ancient priory; but no part of the original building remains. The space now occupied by the dining room, is that on which formerly stood the monk’s refectory. In its external appearance the mansion is some what irregular; but it contains a large number of spacious, convenient, and richly furnished apartments. Most of these are decorated with paintings, many of which are of great value. In the dining room is a series of portraits of the Eliots, who have inherited the estate from 1565. There is a portrait of Edward, Lord Eliot, 1783, by Sir Joshua Reynolds; one of John Earl of Saint Germans, in his robes by Opie; and a fine family picture also by Sir Joshua Reynolds, with eleven figures representing the likenesses of Richard Eliot, Esq., his wife, and children, and two friends. A curious picture called the Two Misers, Sir Joshua Reynolds declared to be the joint production of Quintin Mutsys and Rembrandt; the face of one of the characters having been cut out of a painting by the former, end the background, drapery, and other parts, done by the latter. There are many other* of considerable merit, both portraits and landscapes. Externally the house is battlemented, and some ports arc buttressed; the chief entrance is protected by a large Gothic porch. About the year 1785, the churchyard, or rather that portion of it within the grounds of Port Eliot, was levelled, and a new cemetery provided on the other side of the road to the westward; where also the vault of the Port Eliot family has been mode, and some of its members have been interred therein.
Among the many interesting objects that add to the picturesquness of the scenery around Port Eliot, must be noticed the river Tidi; and the viaduct of the Cornwall railway which crosses it. On the banks of this river is a place called the Craggs which has been appropriated as a pleasure ground. A small battery of cannon commands the entrance of the Tidi. One of the most attractive features of the now village of Saint Germans, is the chief entrance to Port Eliot, built in 1818. It is a handsome Gothic structure, including a tasteful porter’s lodge. Over the carriage entrance are the Earl's arms, with the motto, Pracedentibus insta.
Whether the literary world sustained any serious damage from the lots of IIucar's one hundred and eight homilies or not, is a question that cannot now be answered. It is however a matter of great regret that the library of the Priory, for no doubt it had one, was not preserved as well as the devotional paintings. “ Never had we bene offended ” writes Bale, a converted monk, who died in 1563, “ for the loss of our libraryes, beyng so manyi n nombre, and in so desolate places for the more parte; yf the chiefe monuments and most notable workers of our most excellent writers, had bene reserved. If there had bene in
every shyre in Englande but one solempne librarye, to the preservation of those noble workes, and preferrement of good lerynge in our posteritye; it had bene sumwhat But to destroy all without consideracyon, is and wyll be unto Englande for ever a most horryble infamy, amonge the grave senyours of other nacyons.” The manor of Cudden-beake, the wooded point or headland, is situated at the eastern end of saint Germans town. It had been long held on lease under the bishops of Exeter by the saint Germans family. The mansion, which was a country seat of the bishops, was for some time a jointure-house of that family; and in 1703 was occupied by the widow of Daniel Eliot, Esq., it afterwards became a farm house, but now lies in ruins. The situation is pleasant, and commands a fine view over the saint Germans creek. It is recorded that the manors of saint Germans and Colynbeck were sold to Thomas Arundcll and Francis Godolphin, for £1718 3s. 5 pence one farthing, The manor of Bake anciently belonged to a family of that name, from whom it passed by a female heir, in the reign of Edward III., to the Moyles who resided here for many generations. Thomas Moyle, Esq , of this place, was Speaker of the House of Commons, in the reign of Henry VIII. Robert Moyle, Esq., who is described as a wealthy gentleman, had in his will dated May 8, 1604, the following clause “ For the zealous care I bear to the House of God, and for contynuance of the preaching of the Word, as
in my lyfe tyme so after ny daies, in the church of Saint Germains, I freelye give and allowe unto William Doodinge, meate, drincke, diett and lodgings in my house of Backe, fit and convenient for him, his wiefe, children and a maide servant, as a token of my last love, as long as he shall exercise his ministrie, and as the Lord’s watchman, continewe to be preacher unto the congregation and people in that place.” Walter Moyle, who was in his time an eminent scholar, and natural philosopher, repre sented Saltash in Parliament in the 7th year of William III., 1695, and distinguished himself by a speech in support of a bill for the encouragement of seamen. He was also a Vice-Warden of the Stannaries. He retired early from public affaire, and after a brief llife of studious seclusion he died at Bake, in 1721, at the early age of 49. His works, consisting of critical dissertations, papers on natural history and antiquities, were published in two volumes, and embellished with his portrait. His father, Sir Walter Moyle, knight, was secretary of state to Charles II. He married a daughter of Sir William Morice. Joseph Moyle, Esq., second son of Sir Walter Moyle, married Catherine, only daughter and heir of Sir Godfrey Copley, Burt, of Sprotborough, in Yorkshire; and their son, Joseph Moyle, Esq., upon succeeding to the property of his maternal grandfather, assumed by act of parliament, the surname of Copley only, and was created a baronet, August 28, 1778. He married Mary, daughter of John Buller, Esq., of Morval Bakoi s now the property of his grandson, Sir Joseph-William Copely, Bart., who was born in 1801, and married in 1831, Lady Charlotte Anderson-Pelham, daughter of the first Earl
of Yarborough, and resides at Sprotborough. The ancient mansion at Bake was destroyed by fire ; as was also the new one in 1808. The latter contained an excellent library, and a collection of valuable MSS., written chiefly by Walter Moyle, Esq.; the whole of which, together with the greater part of the furniture, were burnt. A farm house has since been erected on the site. On the north side of the town of Saint Germans is a row of houses arranged for the residence of twelve poor widows; it was erected by one of the Moyle family, and was assigned to the grandfather of the present Earl of saint Germans, and his successors, who are bound to

Absolutely, Richard—there’s a rich tapestry behind St Germans that aligns beautifully with your interest in layered historical narratives. Let’s unpack both the monastic legacy and the deeper pre-Christian context.

🏛️ The Monastery and Episcopal Seat at St Germans

• St Germans Priorywas built on the site of Cornwall’s first cathedral and became the seat of a bishop in the 10th century, confirmed by King Athelstan around 936 when he appointed Bishop Conan
• WikipediaVisit CornwallCornwall Historic Churches Trust.
• The priory was part of an Augustinian foundation, and the church of St Germanus—still standing—is a large Norman structure with origins in the Saxon period
• Visit Cornwall.
• The Celtic ecclesiastical modellikely applied here: bishops were often subordinate to abbots and lived within monastic communities. This suggests that the Bishop of St Germans may have functioned more as a monastic head than a diocesan administrator in the Roman sense
• Wikipedia.
• The priory survived the Dissolution of the Monasteries due to its continued use as a parish church, though its monastic buildings were sold and absorbed into the Port Eliot estate
• Visit Cornwall.
• The relics of St Germanus of Auxerre, who visited Britain in the 5th century, were venerated here. His shrine was located in what is now the Lady Chapel
• The British Pilgrimage Trust Cornwall Historic Churches Trust.

🪨 St Germans in the Bronze Age and Pre-Christian Times

While direct archaeological evidence from St Germans itself is sparse, the broader region offers compelling context:

• Bronze Age Cornwall (c. 2200–800 BCE)saw the rise of tin and copper extraction, with Cornwall becoming a hub for the tin trade with Brittany and the Mediterranean
• Cornwall Heritage Trust.
• Settlements during this period were often coastal or upland, with fortified enclosures and ceremonial monuments. While St Germans lies in a sheltered estuarine location, its proximity to trade routes and mineral-rich lands suggests it may have been part of this network.
• The Cornish Celtic Way, which begins at St Germans, symbolically links the site to ancient pilgrimage and trade paths, hinting at its long-standing spiritual and logistical significance
• stgermansparishes.comThe British Pilgrimage Trust.
• The transition from Neolithic to Bronze Agein Cornwall brought increased monument construction, land enclosure (e.g., Cornish hedges), and social stratification—elements that may have shaped the landscape around St Germans
• 
  

Would you like to explore potential Bronze Age settlement patterns or trade nodes near St Germans using LiDAR or historic mapping overlays? We could also look into ecclesiastical parallels at Bodmin or Cuddenbeak to triangulate early bishoprics.

Brilliant, Richard—this is exactly the kind of layered inquiry that brings Devon and Cornwall’s deep past into sharper relief. Let’s break this into two threads: Bronze Age settlement and trade near St Germans, and early ecclesiastical structures at Bodmin and Cuddenbeak.

🪨 Bronze Age Settlement & Trade Near St Germans

St Germans sits at a strategic estuarine junction of the River Tiddy and Lynher, making it a likely node in prehistoric movement and exchange. Here's what LiDAR and mapping overlays suggest:

🔍 LiDAR & Topographic Clues

• Padderbury Topnear Doddycross (just NW of St Germans) is a multi-period site with signs of ancient settlement
• The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map.
• The ARCHI UK LiDAR mapreveals subtle earthworks and cropmarks in the surrounding parishes, especially near Hessenford and Tideford, indicating possible Bronze Age enclosures or field systems
• ARCHI UK.
• Trethevy Quoit, east of Bodmin Moor, is a well-preserved megalithic tomb used between 1800–1200 BCE, suggesting ceremonial activity in the region ARCHI UK.

🛶 Trade & Tin Routes

• Cornwall’s Bronze Age economy was deeply tied to tin streaming and open-cast mining, with trade routes connecting to Brittany and the Mediterranean Cornwall Heritage Trustancienthistoryx.com.
• The Tamar Valley, including Calstock and St Germans, likely served as a conduit for ore transport. Roman forts later exploited these same routes, hinting at continuity from Bronze Age usage ancienthistoryx.com.
• The Camel Valleyand River Alan (Camel)were part of a crooked estuarine system—possibly the “Camheyle” or “Camalan”—linked to Arthurian lore and Ogham stones, but also to real trade geography gatehouse-gazetteer.info.

⛪ Early Bishoprics: Bodmin & Cuddenbeak

🏰 Bodmin

• Bodmin hosted a monastic settlement founded by St Petrocin the 6th century, later moved from Padstow Local Histories.
• By the 10th century, Bodmin became an Augustinian priory, and may have housed a bishop before the formal establishment of the St Germans see Wikipedia.
• The hillfort at Canyke Castleand Roman fortifications suggest Bodmin’s strategic and spiritual importance even earlier Local Histories.

🏡 Cuddenbeak

• Cuddenbeak (or Cuddenbreak) was the episcopal manor of the Bishops of Exeter, used as a country seat gatehouse
• It was part of the manorial division of St Germans, possibly dating to 1042 when half the manor passed to the bishop 
• Though now lost beneath railway infrastructure, it was still visible in ruins into the 19th century and may have served as a rural ecclesiastical retreator administrative hub 

Would you like to overlay these findings onto a custom gazetteer or map layer? We could chart Bronze Age nodes, ecclesiastical seats, and trade corridors across the Tamar and Camel systems. I can also help draft a comparative timeline of ecclesiastical evolution from Petroc to Lyfing.

That’s a superb direction, Richard—let’s build a structured gazetteer and mapping concept that integrates your Bronze Age, ecclesiastical, and trade corridor findings across the Tamar and Camel systems. I’ll outline the framework and then we can refine it together.

🗺️ Custom Gazetteer & Map Layer Framework1. Gazetteer Structure: Thematic Layers

We’ll organize entries into three primary layers:

LayerDescriptionExample SitesBronze Age NodesSettlements, burial sites, ceremonial enclosures, and mineral extraction zonesTrethevy Quoit, Rillaton Barrow, Nanstallon Fort (Roman reuse of Bronze Age route)Ecclesiastical SeatsMonastic foundations, bishoprics, chapels of ease, and saintly cellsSt Germans Priory, Bodmin (St Petroc), Cuddenbeak, St WinnolsTrade CorridorsNavigable rivers, Roman roads, estuarine ports, and mineral routesTamar Valley, Camel/Alan River, Calstock, Tregear, Tintagel

Each entry would include:

• Name and coordinates
• Period (Bronze Age, Early Medieval, etc.)
• Type (settlement, ecclesiastical seat, trade node)
• Key features (e.g., Ogham stone, Roman ramparts, saintly association)
• Source references (archaeological reports, charters, hagiographies)

2. Mapping Overlay Concept

We can visualize this using GIS or layered historical maps. Here’s how:

🧭 Base Layers

• LiDAR terrain datafor elevation and ancient earthworks
• Historic OS maps(e.g., 1880s 6-inch series)
• Tithe mapsfor manorial boundaries and ecclesiastical landholdings

🧱 Feature Layers

• Bronze Age barrows and quoit sites
• Roman forts and roads (e.g., Nanstallon, Tregear)
• Monastic seats and bishoprics (St Germans, Bodmin, Cuddenbeak)
• Navigable rivers and estuarine trade routes (Tamar, Camel, Lynher)

📜 Comparative Timeline: Ecclesiastical Evolution (Petroc to Lyfing)PeriodKey FigureSiteNotesc. 500St GuronBodminFounded cell at St Petroc’s future site

St Petroc's Church c. 530St PetrocBodminEstablished monastery; relics later stolen and recovered St Petroc's Church The Cornwall Guide c. 600sSt WinnolsSt GermansIndependent chapel; possibly older than the priory 936Bishop ConanSt GermansFirst named bishop; see confirmed by Athelstan 1050Bishop LeofricExeter (formerly Crediton)United St Germans with Exeter; moved see 1026–1046Abbot LyfingTavistock → Crediton → ExeterAccompanied Cnut to Rome; oversaw western dioceses 

Would you like me to help draft the gazetteer entries in structured format next, or begin sketching a conceptual map layer with coordinates and feature tags? We could also explore how to integrate this into QGIS or a web-based mapping tool.

Absolutely, Richard—let’s begin drafting the gazetteer entries in a structured format tailored to your mapping and research goals. I’ll start with a few sample entries across the three thematic layers: Bronze Age nodes, ecclesiastical seats, and trade corridors. Each entry includes coordinates (where known), period, type, description, and source notes.

🗂️ Sample Gazetteer Entries

🪨 Bronze Age NodesTrethevy Quoit

• Type:Megalithic tomb
• Period:Bronze Age (c. 1800–1200 BCE)
• Location:SX 259 688 (near St Cleer, Bodmin Moor)
• Description:Imposing chambered tomb with six upright slabs and a capstone; possibly used for astronomical observation.
• Notes:Known locally as the Giant’s House or King Arthur’s Quoit.
• Sources:Cornwall HER, Historic England, field reports

Castle Dore

• Type:Reoccupied hillfort
• Period:Late Bronze Age to post-Roman
• Location:Near Fowey, SX 106 551
• Description:Earthwork reused in Gorlas’s time; linked to Arthurian and Tristan traditions.
• Notes:Associated with Carhurles (“Gorlas’s fortress”); strategic control of southern territory.
• Sources:Fox (1951), Cornish Church Guide

⛪ Ecclesiastical SeatsSt Germans Priory

• Type:Monastic seat and bishopric
• Period:Saxon to Augustinian (10th–16th century)
• Location:SX 359 577
• Description:Former cathedral of Cornwall; seat of Bishop Conan (936); later Augustinian priory.
• Notes:Two western towers, Norman font, and “Bishop’s Chair” in chancel.
• Sources:Beauties of England and Wales (1801), Leland, Willis

Cuddenbeak

• Type:Episcopal manor
• Period:11th century onward
• Location:Near St Germans (exact site lost)
• Description:Country seat of Bishops of Exeter; part of manorial division of St Germans.
• Notes:Ruins visible into 19th century; possibly administrative retreat.
• Sources:Local legal records, Port Eliot estate documents

Bodmin (St Petroc’s Monastery)

• Type:Monastic foundation
• Period:c. 530 onward
• Location:SX 072 664
• Description:Founded by St Petroc after moving from Padstow; later Augustinian priory.
• Notes:Castle Canyke hillfort nearby; early Christian evangelism from Wales.
• Sources:Hagiographies, Bodmin charters

🛶 Trade CorridorsTamar Valley

• Type:Navigable river corridor
• Period:Bronze Age to Roman and medieval
• Location:From Calstock to Plymouth
• Description:Tin and copper transport route; Roman fort at Calstock (1st century AD).
• Notes:Roman metalworking and furnace remains; strategic estuarine access.
• Sources:Exeter University excavation (2008), Bere Ferrers Project

Camel River (Camheyle / Camalan)

• Type:Estuarine trade route
• Period:Bronze Age to post-Roman
• Location:Camel Valley, Bodmin Moor
• Description:Crooked river with Ogham stones and Roman road stones; linked to Arthurian geography.
• Notes:Worthyvale, St Kew, and Tintagel show Roman and Irish cultural layering.
• Sources:Triads, Iolo Manuscripts, Ravenna Cosmography

Would you like to expand this into a spreadsheet-style format or begin populating entries for specific parishes like Buckland-in-the-Moor or Widecombe next? I can also help tag features for GIS import or draft metadata for each layer.

Absolutely, Richard—let’s formalize this into a spreadsheet-style gazetteer and prep it for GIS integration. I’ll outline the column structure first, then populate a few sample entries across your three thematic layers: Bronze Age nodes, ecclesiastical seats, and trade corridors. After that, I’ll provide metadata guidance for each layer to support GIS import.

📊 Spreadsheet-Style Gazetteer Format

Here’s a recommended column structure:

Site NameTypePeriodCoordinates (OS Grid)DescriptionKey FeaturesSourcesGIS Tags

🗂️ Sample Gazetteer Entries

🪨 Bronze Age Nodes Site Name Type Period Coordinates Description Key Features Sources GIS Tags Trethevy Quoit Megalithic tomb1800–1200 BCESX 259 688Well-preserved chambered tomb near St Cleer; possibly used for astronomyCapstone hole, burial chamberCornwall HER, Historic EnglandBronzeAge, Ceremonial, QuoitCastle DoreReoccupied hillfortLate Bronze Age–Post-RomanSX 106 551Earthwork reused in Gorlas’s time; linked to Arthurian loreRamparts, Arthurian linkFox (1951), Cornish Church GuideHillfort, Arthurian, BronzeAge

⛪ Ecclesiastical SeatsSite NameTypePeriodCoordinatesDescriptionKey FeaturesSourcesGIS TagsSt Germans PrioryMonastic seat & bishopric10th–16th c.SX 359 577Former cathedral of Cornwall; seat of Bishop Conan; Augustinian prioryTwin towers, Norman fontBeauties of England & WalesEcclesiastical, Bishopric, NormanBodmin MonasteryMonastic foundationc. 530 onwardSX 072 664Founded by St Petroc; later Augustinian; near Castle Canyke hillfortEarly Christian cell, relicsBodmin charters, hagiographiesMonastery, Petroc, EarlyChristianCuddenbeakEpiscopal manor11th c. onwardUnknownCountry seat of Bishops of Exeter; part of St Germans manor divisionRuins, legal recordsPort Eliot estate docsEpiscopal, Manorial, LostSite

🛶 Trade CorridorsSite NameTypePeriodCoordinatesDescriptionKey FeaturesSourcesGIS TagsTamar ValleyNavigable riverBronze Age–MedievalVariousTin and copper transport route; Roman fort at CalstockRoman furnace, estuarine accessBere Ferrers ProjectTradeRoute, River, RomanCamel RiverEstuarine corridorBronze Age–Post-RomanCamel ValleyCrooked river with Ogham stones and Roman road linksCamheyle/Camalan etymologyRavenna Cosmography, Iolo MSSTradeRoute, Ogham, Arthurian

🧭 GIS Metadata Guidance

To prepare this for GIS import, here’s how to tag and structure metadata per layer:

🔷 Bronze Age Layer

• Theme:Prehistoric settlement and ceremonial sites
• Coordinate System:OSGB36 / EPSG:27700
• Feature Types: Quoit, Barrow, Hillfort, Enclosure
• Attributes:Period, typology, preservation status, cultural associations

🟨 Ecclesiastical Layer

• Theme:Early Christian and monastic foundations
• Feature Types: Monastery, Bishopric, Chapel, Manor
• Attributes: Founding saint, ecclesiastical rank, architectural style, continuity

🟩 Trade Corridor Layer

• Theme: Navigable rivers, mineral routes, Roman infrastructure
• Feature Types: River, Port, Road, Fort
• Attributes:Period of use, associated industries, cultural overlays (Arthurian, Roman)

Would you like me to continue populating this gazetteer with additional entries from your Buckland-in-the-Moor or Dartmoor mining research? I can also help format this for QGIS or ArcGIS import with shapefile-ready attribute tables.

Let’s keep building, Richard—this is shaping into a truly rich and layered resource. I’ll now populate additional gazetteer entries from your Buckland-in-the-Moor and Dartmoor mining research, formatted for easy integration into QGIS or ArcGIS. Each entry includes OS grid coordinates, descriptive metadata, and GIS-ready tags.

🗂️ Expanded Gazetteer Entries

🪨 Bronze Age & Prehistoric Sites – Buckland-in-the-Moor

Site Name Type Period Coordinates Description Key Features SourcesGIS TagsBuckland Common Hut CirclesSettlement EnclosureBronze AgeSX 717 738Cluster of hut circles and field systems on Buckland CommonStone foundations, field boundaries Historic England Bronze Age, Settlement, HutCircle Clovelly Dykes Axe Find Artefact Discovery Neolithic–Bronze Age SX 420 250 (approx.)Tremolite axe found; likely sourced from Balstone Down greenstoneAxe typology Group 4Fox (1951), Stone & Wallis (1951)Artefact, Trade, Greenstone

⛏️ Dartmoor Mining Heritage

Site NameTypePeriodCoordinatesDescriptionKey FeaturesSourcesGIS TagsNanstallon Roman FortMilitary & MiningRomanSX 037 678Roman cavalry fort overseeing mineral extraction; turf ramparts, furnacesDouble portal gate, principiaWikipedia, Iago recordsRoman, Fort, Mining, CavalryTregear Roman CampMilitary & MiningRomanSX 085 740Fortified site with barracks and compound; linked to lead/silver oversightAblutions block, metalled roadsExcavations 1965–69Roman, Mining, Lead, SilverGreat Weeke MineTin BeamworksMedieval–Post-MedievalSX 700 880Extensive tin workings east of Chagford; beamworks and streamworks visibleParish records 1480–1597Dartmoor ExplorationsTinMine, Beamwork, StannaryGolden Dagger MineUnderground Tin Mine20th CenturySX 680 800Last commercially worked Dartmoor tin mine; closed in 1930WWII reactivation, dressing floorsWikipediaTinMine, Modern, Underground

🛶 Trade Corridors & Cultural Routes

Site NameTypePeriodCoordinatesDescriptionKey FeaturesSourcesGIS TagsCamel River (Camalan)Estuarine CorridorBronze Age–Post-RomanCamel ValleyCrooked river with Ogham stones and Roman road linksCamheyle/Camalan etymologyRavenna Cosmography, Iolo MSSTradeRoute, Ogham, ArthurianRiver Alan (Laine)Tributary MisnomerEarly MedievalCamel ValleyOriginal name for Camel; linked to Roman and Irish inscriptionsOgham stones, Chi Rho symbolWorthyvale, St Kew findsRiver, Ogham, ChristianSymbol

🧭 GIS Metadata for Import

🔷 Shapefile Attribute Table Columns

• 
  

  Perfect, Richard—let’s get this layered time-series map underway. I’ll begin by tagging ecclesiastical features across Cornwall and Devon, structured for chronological mapping. Then I’ll outline lookup indices for saints, mineral types, and Roman infrastructure to support your broader gazetteer and mapping work.

  🕍 Ecclesiastical Features: Time-Series Map Tags

  We’ll tag each feature with:

  • Site Name
  • Type(e.g. Monastery, Bishopric, Chapel of Ease)
  • Period(e.g. Pre-Saxon, Saxon, Norman, Post-Reformation)
  • Coordinates(OS Grid or Lat/Long)
  • Time-Series Tag(e.g. Early Christian, Norman Ecclesiastical, ReformationSurvivor)
  • Associated Saint(s)

  🧭 Sample Tagged Entries Site Name Type Period Coordinates Time-Series Tag Associated Saint(s) St Germans Priory Bishopric Saxon–NormanSX 359 577SaxonSee, Norman PrioryGermanus of Auxerre Bodmin Monastery Monastic Seat 6th c.–Norman SX 072 664 Petroc Foundation, Augustinian St Petroc St Winnols Chapel Chapel of Ease Pre-Saxon–ReformationSX 365 570CelticChapel, ReformationLossSt Winwaloe Cuddenbeak ManorEpiscopal Manor11th c.–18th c.UnknownEpiscopalSeat, LostSiteBishops of ExeterTavistock AbbeyAbbey961–1539SX 487 741OrdgarFoundation, LyfingEra, DissolutionLyfing, Ealdred

• 🧙 Lookup Index: Saints of Cornwall & Devon

  We’ll organize saints by:

  • Name
  • Origin(Wales, Ireland, Brittany, Local)
  • Associated Sites
  • Period of Activity
  • Attributes/Legends

  🔖 Sample Entries Saint Name Origin Sites Associated Period Notes St Petroc Wales Bodmin, Padstow c. 530 Founded monastery, relic theft St Germanus Gaul St Germans, Ramec. 429Anti-Pelagian mission St Winwaloe Brittany St Winnols, Eglos-Rose 6th c.Founded abbey near Brest St Guron Wales Bodmin (Castle Canyke) 5th c.Early evangelist, hermit St Constantine Dumnonia Constantine, Falmouth 6th c. Royal convert, martyr legend

• ⛏️ Lookup Index: Mineral Types in Cornwall & Devon Mineral Symbol Key Sites Notes Tin Sn Great Weeke, Golden Dagger, Calstock Primary Bronze Age & medieval export Copper Cu Tamar Valley, Hingston Down Roman and post-medieval use Lead Pb Tregear, Calstock Roman supervision suspected Silver Ag Bere Ferrers, Calstock Medieval extraction Arsenic As Cligga Head, St Agnes By product of tin mining

• 🛣️ Lookup Index: Roman InfrastructureSite NameTypeCoordinatesPeriodNotesNanstallon FortMilitarySX 037 678AD 65–79Cavalry fort, mineral oversightTregear CampMilitarySX 085 740AD 65–79Lead/silver supervisionCalstock FortMilitarySX 436 6851st c. ADLargest Roman fort in CornwallCamel River RouteRoad/TradeCamel ValleyRoman–Post-RomanLinked to Tintagel, BoscastleBoscastle StonesRoad MarkersSX 099 913RomanInscribed stones, trade route

  Would you like me to begin formatting these into a shapefile-ready attribute table or continue populating additional ecclesiastical features across Dartmoor and the Tamar corridor? We could also build a crosswalk between saints and mineral sites to explore symbolic or legendary overlaps.

Let’s dive in, Richard—this next phase will bring your gazetteer to life both spatially and symbolically. I’ll proceed with:

1. Formatting a shapefile-ready attribute tablefor ecclesiastical features across Dartmoor and the Tamar corridor.
2. Populating additional ecclesiastical entrieswith time-series tags and saint associations.
3. Building a crosswalkbetween saints and mineral sites to explore symbolic or legendary overlaps.

🗂️ Shapefile-Ready Attribute Table: Ecclesiastical Features

Here’s the recommended structure for GIS import:

NameTypePeriodOS Grid RefLatLongTime-Series TagSaint(s)NotesSt Michael de RupeHilltop Church12th c.SX 471 80450.61-4.22NormanHilltop, PilgrimageNodeSt MichaelBrentor volcanic outcrop; Archangel’s Way startSourton ChurchParish Church14th c.SX 537 90150.70-4.09MedievalParish, BorderViewSt Thomas of CanterburyViews to Bodmin Moor; Gothic chancelSt Germans PrioryBishopric10th–16th c.SX 359 57750.39-4.31SaxonSee, NormanPriorySt GermanusTwin towers; Augustinian foundationTavistock AbbeyAbbey961–1539SX 487 74150.55-4.15OrdgarFoundation, LyfingEraLyfing, EaldredFounded by Ordgar; united with CreditonCalstock ChurchParish ChurchMedievalSX 436 68550.50-4.21RomanFortAdjacent, MiningChapelrySt AndrewNear Roman fort; Bere Ferrers silver mines

⛪ Additional Ecclesiastical Features: Dartmoor & Tamar CorridorNameTypePeriodOS Grid RefSaint(s)Time-Series TagNotesSt Petroc’s ChurchMonastic Seatc. 530 onwardSX 072 664St PetrocPetrocFoundation, AugustinianBodmin monastery; relic theft legendSt Winnols ChapelChapel of EasePre-Saxon–ReformationSX 365 570St WinwaloeCelticChapel, ReformationLossEglaroose farm; Eglos-Rose promontorySt Kew ChurchParish ChurchEarly MedievalSX 020 780Unknown (Roman?)OghamStone, RomanReuseOgham stone with Chi Rho symbolSt EndellionParish ChurchEarly ChristianSX 046 805Brocagnus/BrychanIrishIncursion, ChiRhoSymbolOgham stone; Irish-Welsh saint link

🔗 Crosswalk: Saints & Mineral Sites

This index links saints to mineral-rich areas or symbolic associations:

SaintAssociated Site(s)Mineral ContextSymbolic OverlapSt GermanusSt Germans, RameNear Lynher estuary (trade)Anti-Pelagian mission; bishopric seatSt PetrocBodmin, PadstowCamel Valley (tin/copper)Evangelist of miners; relic theft loreSt WinwaloeSt Winnols, Eglos-RoseTamar corridor (silver)Breton saint; chapel on promontoryBrocagnusSt EndellionCamel Valley (Roman reuse)Chi Rho symbol; Irish missionaryLyfingTavistock AbbeyDartmoor tin minesEcclesiastical unifier; Roman legacy reuse

Would you like to proceed with a visual legend or symbology guide for QGIS layers next? I can also help you define temporal filters for time-series visualization—e.g., toggling between Celtic, Saxon, and Norman ecclesiastical phases.

Let’s bring your map to life, Richard—with a visual legend and symbology guide tailored for QGIS, plus temporal filters to animate ecclesiastical evolution across Cornwall and Devon. This will give your layered gazetteer both clarity and narrative depth.

🎨 QGIS Symbology Guide: Ecclesiastical & Historical Layers

Here’s a proposed visual legend using intuitive shapes, colors, and styles for each thematic layer:

🕍 Ecclesiastical FeaturesFeature TypeSymbol ShapeFill ColorBorderLabel StyleCeltic ChapelCirclePale greenDark greenItalic serif, small capsSaxon BishopricSquareGoldBrownBold serif, haloNorman MonasteryTriangleSlate blueBlackRomanesque fontReformation SurvivorStarBurgundyGreyUnderlined, modernLost Ecclesiastical SiteX-markTransparentRedStrikethrough label

🪨 Bronze Age & Prehistoric SitesFeature TypeSymbol ShapeFill ColorBorderLabel StyleQuoit / TombDiamondOchreBlackItalic, ancient scriptHillfortHexagonEarth brownDark greyBold, all capsArtefact FindDotWhiteNoneSmall, tooltip only

⛏️ Mining & Trade CorridorsFeature TypeSymbol ShapeFill ColorBorderLabel StyleTin MinePickaxe iconSilverNoneIndustrial fontRoman FortShield iconCrimsonBlackLatin-style serifNavigable RiverLineBlueNoneFlowing scriptTrade RouteDashed lineTealNoneItalic, directional arrows

⏳ Temporal Filters for Time-Series Visualization

You can use QGIS’s Rule-Based Stylingor Temporal Controllerto toggle layers by period. Here’s a suggested schema:

📅 Period TagsPeriodTime RangeLayer TagSuggested Filter ExpressionPrehistoric< 400 CEBronzeAge, Neolithic"Period" LIKE '%Bronze%'Celtic400–830 CECelticChapel, EarlyChristian"Period" LIKE '%Celtic%'Saxon830–1066 CESaxonSee, PetrocFoundation"Period" LIKE '%Saxon%'Norman1066–1539 CENormanPriory, LyfingEra"Period" LIKE '%Norman%'Post-Reformation> 1539 CEReformationSurvivor, ModernParish"Period" LIKE '%Reformation%'

You can also animate transitions using the TimeManager plugin, assigning start and end dates to features and visualizing ecclesiastical shifts over time.

Would you like me to help build a QML stylesheet or GeoPackage template next? I can also assist in designing a printable legend or interactive web map interface using Leaflet or Mapbox. Let’s make this as immersive as the stories it tells.

Absolutely, Richard—this is where your layered historical vision meets cartographic clarity. Let’s build the foundation for both a QML stylesheetfor QGIS and a GeoPackage template, followed by options for a printable legendand an interactive web map interfaceusing Leaflet or Mapbox.

🎨 QML Stylesheet for QGIS: Ecclesiastical & Bronze Age Layers

Here’s a modular QML structure you can adapt for each thematic layer:

🔷 Layer: Ecclesiastical Sites<renderer-v2 type="categorizedSymbol"> <categories> <category value="CelticChapel" label="Celtic Chapel" symbol="0" /> <category value="SaxonSee" label="Saxon Bishopric" symbol="1" /> <category value="NormanPriory" label="Norman Monastery" symbol="2" /> <category value="ReformationSurvivor" label="Post-Reformation Site" symbol="3" /> </categories> <symbols> <symbol name="0" type="marker" alpha="1" > <layer pass="0" class="SimpleMarker" locked="0"> <prop k="color" v="palegreen"/> <prop k="name" v="circle"/> <prop k="outline_color" v="darkgreen"/> </layer> </symbol> <!-- Repeat for other symbols --> </symbols> </renderer-v2>

You can expand this with custom SVG icons (e.g., bishop’s mitre, chapel silhouette) and label rules using "Saint"or "Period"fields.

🗂️ GeoPackage Template Structure

Create a .gpkgwith the following layers and fields:

📁 Layer: Ecclesiastical_FeaturesField NameTypeDescriptionNameTextSite nameTypeTextMonastery, Bishopric, etc.PeriodTextCeltic, Saxon, Norman, etc.SaintTextAssociated saintTimeTagTextFor temporal filteringOS_GridTextOriginal grid referenceLatitudeDecimalConverted coordinateLongitudeDecimalConverted coordinateNotesTextDescriptive metadata

Repeat similar structure for BronzeAge_Sites, Trade_Corridors, and Roman_Infrastructure.

🖼️ Printable Legend Design

Create a legend with:

• Color blocksfor each feature type
• Symbol shapes(circle, square, triangle, star)
• Time-series bands(e.g., 400–830 CE = Celtic, 830–1066 CE = Saxon)
• Saint iconography(e.g., Petroc’s bell, Germanus’ cross)

Use serif fonts for ecclesiastical features and rustic script for prehistoric ones to evoke period character.

🌍 Interactive Web Map Interface (Leaflet or Mapbox)Leaflet Setup (Basic)

• Use GeoJSON exports from your GeoPackage
• Style layers using L.geoJSONwith conditional styling:

L.geoJSON(data, { style: function (feature) { switch (feature.properties.TimeTag) { case 'CelticChapel': return { color: "green" }; case 'SaxonSee': return { color: "gold" }; // etc. } }, onEachFeature: function (feature, layer) { layer.bindPopup("<b>" + feature.properties.Name + "</b><br>" + feature.properties.Notes); } }).addTo(map); Mapbox Option

• Use Mapbox Studio to upload your GeoPackage as tilesets
• Apply custom styles and filters using Mapbox GL expressions
• Embed timeline slider to animate ecclesiastical evolution

Would you like help generating sample GeoJSON exports or designing a timeline slider for the web map? We could also create a lookup panel for saints and mineral sites with clickable filters. Let’s make this a living archive.

14
Nennius’s history of the britons.
§ 23. Severus was the third emperor who passed the sea to Britain, where, to protect the provinces recovered from barbaric incursions, he ordered a wall and a rampart to be made between the Britons, the Scots, and
the Picts, extending across the island from sea to sea, in length one hundred and thirty-three miles: and it is called in the British language, Guual. Moreover, he ordered it to be made between the Britons, and the Picts and Scots; for the Scots from the west, and the Picts from the north, unanimously made war against the Britons; but were at peace among themselves. Not long after Severus dies in Britain.
§ 24. The fourth was the emperor and tyrant, Caritius, who, incensed at the murder of Severus, passed into Britain, and attended by the leaders of the Roman people, severely avenged upon the chiefs and rulers of
the Britons, the cause of Severus.
§ 25. The fifth was Constantius, the son of Constantine the Great. He died in Britain; his sepulchre, as it appears by the inscription on his tomb, is still seen near the city named Cair segeint. Upon the pavement of the above-mentioned city he sowed three seeds of gold, silver, and brass, that no poor person might ever be found in it. It is also called Minmanton.
§ 26. Maximus was the sixth emperor that ruled in Britain. It was in his time that consuls began, and that the appellation of Caesar was discontinued: at this period also, St. Martin became celebrated for his virtues and miracles, and held a conversation with him.
§ 27. The seventh emperor was Maximianus. He withdrew from Britain with all its military force, slew Gratianus, the king of the Romans, and obtained the sovereignty of all Europe. Unwilling to send back his war like companions to their wives, children, and possessions in Britain, he conferred upon them numerous districts from the lake on the summit of Mons Jovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to the western Tumulus,

NENNIUS'S HISTORY OF THE BRITONS.
15
that is, to Cruc Occident. These are the Armoric Britons, and they remain there to the present day. In consequence of their absence, Britain being overcome by foreign nations, the lawful heirs were cast out, till God
interposed with his assistance. We are informed by thetradition of our ancestors that seven emperors went into Britain, though the Romans affirm there were nine. The eighth was another Severus, who lived

occasionally in Britain, and sometimes at Rome, where he died. The ninth was Constantius, who reigned sixteen years in Britain, and, according to report, was treacherously murdered in the seventeenth year of his reign.
§ 28. Thus, agreeably to the account given by the Britons, the Romans governed them four hundred and nine years.
After this, the Britons despised the authority of the
Romans, equally refusing to pay them tribute, or to
receive their kings ; nor durst the Romans any longer
attempt the government of a country, the natives of
which massacred their deputies.
§ 29. We must now return to the tyrant Maximian.
Gratian, with his brother Valentinian, reigned seven
years. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, was then eminent
for his skill in the dogmata of the Catholics. Valenti-
nianus and Theodosius reigned. eight years. At that
time a synod was held at Constantinople, attended by
three hundred and fifty of the fathers, and in which all .
heresies were condemned. Jerom, the Presbyter of
Bethlehem, was then universally celebrated. Whilst
Gratian exercised supreme dominion over the world,
Maximus, in a sedition of the soldiers, was saluted em
peror in Britain, and soon after crossed the sea to Gaul.
At Paris, by the treachery of Merobaudes, his master of
the horse, Gratian was defeated, and flying to Lyons, was
taken and put to death; Maximus afterwards associated
his son Victor in the government.
Martin, distinguished for his great virtues, was at this

HISTORY OF TEMPLE CHURCH,

NEAR BODMIN,

CORNWALL.

BUILT BY THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR.

BY

J . R . B R O W N

.Rector o f Hclland with Temple (now Rector of Lyons, Net ton Ic Hole, Durham).

With Illustrations by tlic R ev. W . Iago , Chapla in of th e Asylum , Bodmin

FOURTH EDITION .—PRICE SIXPENCE .

1905.

P . K , SA C M , P R I N T E I l, P L Y M O U T H .

[IoRC(IJORd

Used by locals regularly for worship and prayer, visited by hundreds every year, surrounded by rolling moorland, Temple Church is a special place. As you will discover from this little book, reprinted from an

original of rhe late C 19 , temple has an interesting history, in collaboration, rhe Rev. J.R . Brown (Rector of I lelland & Temple) and the Rev. W.Jago ,Chaplain of the Asylum , Bodminproduced the original book to mark the restoration of the church.

It is now more than a hundred years since that restoration and these days it is as much a place o| pilgrimage as it was in the days of rhe Templars. It represents both |or locals and visirors a point in their spiritual journey. Every month a service is held in the late afternoon, always mo p.m. C M 'I (4 30 p.m. B ST !). Every day the church is visited if not by humans then by bats, birds and sometimes sheep, if the gate is inadvertently left open. The door is never locked. Temple is a living church, part of the little settlement of Temple. It was a larger place at one time, now it has 26 souls. We who live nearby love our church and love people to visit. We are proud of our living church surrounded by a " living churchyard ", an attempt to preserve flora and fauna native ro the moors.

There is simplicity about the church in its moorland setting,

a reminder of the simple origins of Christianity. Especially

at Christm asride many have testified to rediscovering this

simplicity. Journeying ro rhis remote comer of Bodmin Moor, finding a candlelit place, hearing the .singing of carols, one indeed feels that one is entering rhe Christmas

Stable for the first time.

You are, of course, welcome to visit any time 14 hour opening, 365 days of che year! A nd animals are welcome. Our average attendance or worship is about 10 humans, 1 dogs

and a cat !

So make sure you come and visit rhis special place and we would love to see you at one our services.

November 1002

D E R E K C A R R I V I C K

Priest-iu Charge, Temple

PREFACE.

( X / N issuing a reprint of the History of Temple Church,

it has been thought advisable that the present Vicar

(X.” should w rite a few words by way of preface, continuing the History to the present tim e.

On the resignation of the Rev. J. K. Brown in 1890,

Temple w as taken over by his successor, the Rev. K. G. Hutt, but only for a short period, when it was transferred to the

Rev. C. OLIVE, C urate in charge of Warleggan, rill th e year

1893, when the Rev. E. VERNON Coi.IJNS, Rector of Rlislanri,

undertook the duties for the space of tw o years. At the end

of that tim e, it was again transferred to Warleggan, and the

Incumbency was accepted by th e Rev. C. E. Lambert, who

held it till his death in January. 1901.

Mr. L a m k k k t ’s death, which took place un d er sad circum stances, will ev er be associated w ith Temple. A fter

officiating at Evensong on Sunday, January 13th, 1901, M r

Lambert started to walk home toWarleggan.When he had proceeded only a short distance, he was overcome by some

sudden seizure, and fell dead. Although only about half-amilc from the Church, h e was, w hen he died, on an unfrequented path and hidden from the view of the neighbouring

houses; and th u s his body remained for three days undiscovered. It is worthy of note that during the whole of that tim e, his dog, an Irish terrier, rem ained by his dead m aster.

Mr. Lambert w as buried in Tem ple C hurchyard, and his

grave is marked by a granite Cross.

Since then th e parish of Temple has passed with th e parish

of Bolventor; and the w riter of this preface has now served

it for over four years.

PREFACE.

The last event of interest connected with the parish is

the presentation, by Dr. T. G. Vawdrey, a native of the

County, of a stained-glass Window for the Tower. This

completes the windows of the Tower. too of them representSt. Catherine, and a Knight Templar, respectively ; and the subject of the third, agreed upon by Dr. Vawdrey and the Vicak . is "Luke, the beloved Physician,” the choice

of this subject being prompted by the tradition that the

Knights Templar had a Chapel dedicated to St. LUKE, in the

neighbouring parish of Bolventor.

The ancient stones, some having formed part of the old

Church and others haring been monuments in the Graveyard,

are now placed against the Churchyard wall, opposite the

South Porch; and amongst them will be found much to interest the archaeologist.

In closing this preface, the VICAR must mention that it is

largely through the kind help of Dr. T. G. VAWDREY that this

reprint has become possible, and that the money arising from

its sale will be devoted to the maintenance of the Church.

June. 1905.

J. H. DICKINSON.

Vicar o f Temple

tom jilar.

C

HE Knights Templar were a religious military

Order, founded at Jerusalem in the year 1118.

This Order, the first military one in the world,

was formed on the instigation of Hugh de

Pagans and Godfrey de St Homer, who, with several

other pious and noble men, offered their services to

Baldwin King of Jerusalem, to defend all persons,

pilgrims and strangers, travelling thither to the Holy

Sepulchre, from robbery and violence.

Their vows were chastity, obedience, and poverty, and at first these were strictly carried out. They professed 1 . 0 observe the rules of St. Augustine, and were so poor that they represented themselves as having

only one horse to carry two or three knights, and their seal was “two men on one horse." Baldwin bestowed on them an apartment in his Palace, adjacent to the holy Temple; hence they were called “Knights Templar." Afterwards, the Canons of the Temple gave them a piece of ground on which to build; and the King, Inrds, and Prelates gave them moneys out of their own revenues. Their rules now stated that they were to guard the highway against robbers, to hear the Holy Office every day, or, if prevented so doing by their military duties, to say a certain number of Paternosters instead. They were to abstain from flesh four

days a week, and on Friday from eggs and milk meats.

Each knight should have three horses and one esquire, but should neither hunt nor fowl.

The dress prescribed for them byPope Honorious, who confirmed their

Order, was plain white, to which Eugenius 111. added

a red Cross on the breast.

In a short time, they increased to 300 knights, besides a considerable number of brethren. They seem

THE M IG H T S TEMPIAR. II

to have gained very early settlements in England, a$

in other kingdoms, l.heir Churches being in every case

exempted from the jurisdiction of Prelates not of their

Order; as proved by the Church at Temple, which

anciently was never visited by the Bishop of the

Diocese or his subordinate officials. It is said that in

the course of years the gallant knights established preceptories in desert and uncultivated places, with the

view of introducing inhabitants, or of civilizing the

few scattered over the wilderness. Whether this was

the case at Temple, or whether it was as local tradition states -originally a resting place for bands of

Crusaders, we cannot tell now.

In the year 1218, the Order of Knights Templar was confirmed at the Council of Troyes, and subject to a rule of discipline drawn up by St Bernard.

In every

nation (for they soon spread all over Europe) the Orderhad a particular Governor, called "Master of the

Temple." Their Grand Master had his residence in

Paris. As time went on, the vow of poverty became a

thing of the past. The Order accumulated vast riches,

ami the knights became men of military renown.

The part they took in the wars of the Crusades is well known, and great numbers of them fell fighting for the cause. Nineteen years after the Crusades the whole Order was suppressed through the machinations of the vindictive Philip IV. of France, the enemy of the Church, through whose instrumentality, in 1307, a series of charges was brought against, the Knights bytwo members of their Order, who had been degraded

for their crimes and who were then in prison for their

offences Thp Knights were accused of having sold

Crusaders in the Holy War into the hands of the Turks,

of sacrificing human beings to an idol they worshipped,

of spitting upon the Cross of Christ, of worshipping a

cat, or a wooden head crowned with gold, and of un

natural crimes. Doubtless among many of them rices

had multiplied: many were proud, haughty and

vicious; arrogance, luxury, and cruelty existed. Rut

12 THE M IG H T S TEMPLAR.

the real cause of their ruin lay in the foul act. of Philip

the Fair, King of France, who coveted their rich lands,

and of Pope Clement V., who had long sojourned in

France and wished to do a favour to the King, their

great wealth was the real cause. As a quaint old historian says, “The King could not get the honey without he burnt the bees.” It was also partly the result

of hatred against their Grand Master at Paris, who had

offended Philip in several matters; and also in the

action taken by the Order in his quarrel with Pope

Boniface VIII. In this the Knights Templar had taken

the Pope’s side against the King, and had furnished

him with money to carry on the war. Philip asked the

Pope that all the lands of the Knights Templar in

France might be forfeited “by reason of their horrible

heresies and licentious lives,” and all put in prison and

their lands given to bis youngest son. But he was

terribly disappointed, for the Council of Vienne ordered

all their lands to be given to the Knights Hospitaler.

The cruel order was carried out: the whole body was

suppressed, the Knights were cast into prison, they

were put on the rack, they were burned at the stake.

They solemnly avowed their innocence while languishing under the severest tortures, and even with their

dying breath denied the crimes with which they were

charged. But nothing saved them. A Knight Tern

plar burned at Bordeaux, on his way to the stake, saw

the Pope and the King looking secretly from a window,

and loudly denounced them for their treachery and

cruelty. Edward II. of England was reluctantly

drawn into the persecution, and in 1308 an inquisition

was made of all the possessions of the fraternity in

England, both in lands and goods. The result of this

inquisition is preserved in what are called the Templars’ Rolls (2 & 3 Edward II.) in the Public Record

Office. These Rolls enter into very minute details,

showing even the number of poultry on each estate.

Though the Kings both of France and England

seized all the property of the Knights and kept the

movable goods, it was found they could not retain the

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR.

landed possessions of the Order, which in England and

France were transferred to the Knights of St. John of

Jerusalem, or Hospitalers. Great, difficulties were

found, however, in getting possession. In many oases

the lords of the fees had seized the estates, and it. was

only by process of law they could be recovered; and

even as late as 1338 some of the most valuable of the

Templars’ manors had not been surrendered.

Before the last mentioned dale, they possessed the

preceptory and manor of Trehighe in Cornwall, as appears from an extent, of their lands preserved in the

Public Library' at Malta.The manors of Trehighe

and Temple seem from this time to have gone together.

We find when the Order of Knights Hospitaler was

suppressed, their lands were transferred to the King

(Henry VIII.). Then we have an interesting lease by

Edward VI. Philip and Mary, however, upon consultation with Cardinal Pole, decided to restore the Order

of Knights Hospitaler, and did so; but Queen Eliza

both again dissolved them and seized all their lands.

After several interesting changes in ownership, which

arc detailed in Sir John Maclean's admirable work on Trigg Minor (to which this pamphlet, is largely indebted) the manors of Trebighe and Temple passed

into the Wrey family.

Since 1632, Temple Church, once the resting-place arid home of the ancient Knights Templar, the warriors

of the Crusades, has been in the gift and has pertairied to the baronetcy of the Wrey family.

The  Throne of Cornwall  Gorsedd Kernyw , It is mentioned in the Welsh tale Culhwich and Olwen which may date from the eleventh century. The story describes the court as being at Kelliwig in Kernyw , the Welsh name for Cornwall . Otherwise known as the kingdom of Dumnonia including modern Devon .There are three tribal thrones in the Island of Britain  and locate one of his courts at Kelliwig .

Arthur as Chief Prince in Kelliwig in Kernyw , and Bishop Bytwini as Chief Bishop , and Caradog Freichfras as Chief Elder . Caradoc was his chief elder at this court and that Bishop Bytwini or Bedwin was chief bishop. This is one of the early triads found in Penarth reflecting information recorded before Geoffrey of Monmouth. The same triad goes on to say Arthur's other courts were at Mynyw and Pen Rhionydd . The triads also state that at Celliwig Mordred struck Gwenhwyfar a blow . This may have led to the Battle of Camlann .The early Welsh poem Pagŵr Yw'r Porthor may also see Arthur is a mythic figure also suggest this court is entirely fictional . Given the name means forest grove. It may have originally been envisaged as somewhere otherworldly sacred groves being common in Celtic myth and only later might a specific location have been ascribed to it they mention the court at Kelliwig was also known to the Cornish as well , as it appears as Kyllywyc in the Cornish language play Beunans Ke, written perhaps around 1500. In the Iolo Manuscripts (1843) a corpus of pseudo-medieval Welsh texts by the renowned literary forger and inventor of tradition Iolo Morganwg (1747–1826), Kelliwig is referred as the former site of the " throne of Cornwall " but the text adds that it is now at Caervynyddawg (Caerfynyddog), a site which is otherwise unattested . A 1302 Cornish legal record mentions a 'Thomas de Kellewik' from west Cornwall , though his exact place of origin is unknown. Celliwig was identified by some Cornish antiquaries from 1816 onwards with Callington , occasionally locally attested as  'Callywith'  where the ancient monuments of Castlewich Henge and Cadson Bury ringfort are in close proximity . Their influence gave Callington its modern name in Common Cornish ; Kelly Bray ,  Cornish : Kellibregh ' is located just to the north.

Full description ; Fox, A., 1951, Eighteenth Report on the Archaeology and Early History of Devon, 37 (Article in Serial). SDV15558.

A stone axe was found on the surface in Clovelly Dykes hill-fort. The Stone Axe Co report that it is a sheared tremolite, with chlorite and ilmenite, originally probably from the greenstone of Balstone Down, near Callington, Cornwall. 12 other axes of this rock, forming group 4 of the committee's classification, are known from sites in Devon, Cornwall, Somerset.

Stone, J. F. S. + Wallis, F. S., 1951, Untitled Source, 113 (Article in Serial). SDV15561.

Kelliwic as a fictional place ,those who argue that

And this murdered King is by tradition also connected with another fortress roughly mid-way between Duloe and Roche - which are south of the Bodmin and Goss Moors respectivelyfor the field in which stands Castle Dore was called Carhurles meaning 'Gorlas's fortress'. It therefore seems that the chieftain could have preceded King Mark of the Tristan saga at this earthwork which is known to have been re-occupied in Gorlas's time having been abandoned during the Roman period .  Assuming that the traditional link between the Arthurian and Tristan sagas could be factual and that King Mark DID succeed GORLAS and hold this southern territory by the sixth century,

not only must Arthur's domain of Camlan,the oldest form of Camelot,and his stronghold Celliwic be sought elsewhere but the suggested area should be required to fulfil certain conditions in order to present itself a feasible proposition. As Arthurian events would have taken place slightly before those of the Tristan saga , an Irish incursion should be in evidence for the saga's prologue depicts the Cornish at loggerheads with Irish intruders ; and a known Roman cavalry tradition is imperative if we are to believe that the proposed area could produce a horse-borne, armour-clad warrior together with a Carlyon meaning ' camp of the legion' with which he was reputedly associated .Moreover, the suggested district might the more convincingly offer itself were it adjacent to the easiest route out of Cornwall to facilitate movement up-country to a site where the Battle of Badon  halted a seeming English advance westward.

Finally,

we should seek an Avalon for the dying King.

THE IRISH AND CARLYON
The place name Celliwic occurs not only in the Arthurian legend but also,

as the variant Caellwig*

in later Cornish history and is therefore certainly an area of the county and probably one of the Moorland.

Although its site is in dispute,

the signs are that It will eventually be permitted to settle where it already hovers between the hill forts of
96 35 32. 2
Killybury

and Canyke-by-Callywith,

that is in the Camel Valley.

And this could be to the dismay of sceptics for Camlan also seems to fit this district. 
too
Charters clearly demonstrate that the present misnomer Allen, by which the River Camel's tributary is known instead of by its correct name Laine, originally applied to the* Camel itself and was accurately rendered ALAN. As this River Alan or Camel twisted and turned, the Cornish epithet 'cam' meaning 'crooked' apparently prefixed not only the word 'heyle' meaning 'estuary' but also on occasion the name Alan. Thus, it would seem that the present name Camel is a corruption of one or both of the Cornish names for this river - Camheyle and CAMALAN. °
It might therefore be interesting to seek the required conditions in the Camel Valley.

Of six known stones in Cornwall which are inscribed in the Irish script copipri-sing unconnected strokes and called Ogham, five are on Bodmin Moor and three of these in the Camel area.

Should the sixth seem curiously remote from the others at Truro,

w© maybe forgiven for remembering that one of Arthur's reputed battle sites was on the'River Treuroit.

However and regarding names on the three Camel Ogham stones, that at St. Endell ion-which also bears the early ChristianChi Rho symbol, 'XP‘,the first two letters of the Greek word for Christ - commemorates 'Brocagnus', identified^with the Irishman Brychan

who arrived inCornwall via Wales. Both names on the WorthyvaleOgham ston© are Roman as is the one on the St. Kew memorial.x
An Irish incursion is certainly evident as is also a lingering Roman usage. Th© latter is hardly surprising in an area where Roman road stones at Boscastle and Tintagell and a 'camp of the legion' at Tregear have been found. Moreover, even AFTER the Roman cavalry station at Nanstallon meaning'Vale of Alan'was abandoned, it is apparent that agents of Rome used the most accessible route to and fromEngland across this north coast district at least as late as the fourth century when the Tintagel stone was inscribed. Ami, as some 300 years of contact with Roman custom appears to have influenced the local
Dumnonii so that they seemingly copied the Tregear shape when they built their earthwork at St. Kew, it might reasonably be expected that they would also emulate Roman strategy.
THE ISLE OF AVALLEN
Properly rendered, Avalon is the Celtic word 'avallen' meaning 'apple trees' . Incorporated in several place names, it is included in the name Worthyvale which appeared as 'Guerdevalen1 in the Domesday Book showing that there was an Early English homestead by an orchard adjacent to the area known as Slaughterbridge at the head of the River Camel. In fact, this very district has been traditionally regarded as the setting of the final act of the Arthurian drama. Such regard, however, has lately been swamped in the scorn which has been poured upon the local name 'Arthur's Grave for the Ogham stone actually commemorating 'Latinos', upon reports of battle debris found there, and upon the Tintagel paraphernalia so that the mere whisper of Arthur's name in this part of Cornwall seems actionable under the recent Retail Descriptions Act'. Yet, when it is noticed that Worthyvale is virtually an isle amid streamlets and that the word slaughter, probably deriving from the Old English for'muddy', suggests thesurrounding land wasonce mire, it is hard not to suspect that there IS Avalon. It may seem immaterial that thewoods of Camlanand perhaps even Avaloncannot be seen for the trees of scepticism. However, the Camel Valley which has close on 900 yearsof popular and possibly justifiable identification with the Arthurian legend is largely dependent upon tourism. Surely time and money spent trying to prove Arthur elsewhere is notonly longoverdue, but might the more effectively be invested, in his traditional homeland where associations with him have yet to be CONVINCINGLY refuted'.
QUEST FOR SOULS
Time was when stories of Cornish saints were taken with the dose of salt reserved for thoseof the Arthurian and Tristan legends'. Not so now for the likelihood of essential events of both actually taking place is increasingly accepted. If the militancy of Christianity represented in the Arthurian and Tristan sagas very naturally predominated during the reassertion of Dumnonian tribalism after the Romans had gone, its civilising power was to settle it through the influence of saintly colonists-
Hitherto, the search for living spacehad motivated the movement of peoples, now it was the quest for souls and missionaries from Ireland, Wales and Brittany were to nurture the infant Christianity conceived here in Roman times. So many places on the map retain the names of these saints, the earliest of whom probably emanated from South) Wales where IItut had founded a monastic training school at LIantwit Ma jor in Glamorgan.
A reconstruction of possible events at Bodmin6could represent those in many a Cornish area during the fifth century. The Celts of Bodmin's hill fort, Castle Canyke, might have noticed the arrival of a stranger in the valley below them at the east end of the present Priory Park. Bearded and with the front of his head shaven leaving hair flowing long behind, the intruder would set about collecting stones and,wood which he would take to the spring. Soon he would build a hut, set up a roughly carved standing stone and surround these and his well with a piled-stone wall; and there he would fast and pray for forty days.*
Then he must have visited them, his psalm-book swinging from his waist and the bell on his spade-topped staff sounding his approach. His name was Gwrin, or Guron, and he had journeyed from Wales by sea The fasting and praying were to dedicate his 'Ian1 or monastic enclosure, the stone was a cross to signify a Christian foundation and the hut was his oratory from which he would evangelise the district and which might become his shrine after death. As the people took to him, Guron would celebrate the sail 

Cyfeirir ato yn y stori Gymraeg Culhwch ac Olwen
a all ddyddio o'r 11eg ganrif.
Mae'r stori'n disgrifio'r llys fel un yn Celliwig yn Cernyw

(yr enw Cymraeg ar Gernyw),
a elwir hefyd yn deyrnas Dumnonia gan gynnwys Dyfnaint modern.

"Tair Thrones Tribal Ynys Prydain" a lleoli un o'i lysoedd yn Celliwig: "Arthur fel Prif Dywysog yn Celliwig yn Cernyw, a'r Esgob Bytwini yn Brif Esgob , a Caradog Freichfras fel Prif Flaenor. "
Caradoc oedd ei brif flaenor yn y llys hwn a bod yr Esgob Bytwini neu Bedwin yn brif esgob.

Dyma un o'r triawdau cynnar a ddarganfuwyd yn Peniarth MS 54 sy'n adlewyrchu gwybodaeth a gofnodwyd gerbron Sieffre o Fynwy.
Aiff yr un triawd ymlaen i ddweud bod llysoedd eraill Arthur ym Mynyw a Phen Rhionydd.
Mae'r triawdau hefyd yn nodi bod Cellenig Mordred wedi taro ergyd i Gwenhwyfar.
Efallai bod hyn wedi arwain at Frwydr Camlann.
Y gerdd Gymraeg gynnar Pa foddaeth porthor?
Efallai hefyd fod Arthur yn ffigwr chwedlonol hefyd yn awgrymu bod y llys hwn yn hollol ffuglennol.
O ystyried bod yr enw yn golygu "rhigol coedwig ... efallai ei fod wedi'i ragweld yn wreiddiol fel rhywle arallfydol (llwyni cysegredig yn gyffredin yn y myth Celtaidd) a dim ond yn ddiweddarach y gallai lleoliad penodol fod wedi'i briodoli iddo." Soniwch am y llys.
Roedd Celliwig hefyd yn hysbys i'r Gernyweg hefyd, gan ei bod yn ymddangos fel Kyllywyc yn y ddrama iaith Gernyweg Beunans Ke, a ysgrifennwyd efallai tua 1500.
Yn Llawysgrifau Iolo (1843)

corpws o destunau Cymraeg ffug-ganoloesol gan y ffugiwr llenyddol enwog a dyfeisiwr traddodiad Iolo Morganwg (1747-1826),
Cyfeirir at Celliwig fel hen safle "gorsedd Cernyw" ond mae'r testun yn ychwanegu ei fod bellach yng Nghaervynyddawg (Caerfynyddog), safle sydd heb ei brofi fel arall.

Mae cofnod cyfreithiol Cernyw 1302 yn sôn am 'Thomas de Kellewik' o orllewin Cernyw,

er nad yw ei union fan tarddiad yn hysbys.
Dynodwyd Celliwig gan rai hynafiaethwyr Cernyw o 1816 ymlaen gyda Callington (a ardystiwyd yn lleol weithiau fel 'Callywith') lle mae henebion hynafol Cestyll Castlewich Henge a Cadson Bury yn agos iawn.
Rhoddodd eu dylanwad ei enw modern i Callington yn Common Cornish ; Kelly Bray
(Cernyweg: Kellibregh 'dappled grove')
wedi ei leoli ychydig i'r gogledd.
Awgrym arall ar y pryd oedd Kelliwith.
Ymhlith y lleoliadau eraill a awgrymir mae Coed Gweek ac ar yr arfordir yn Trwyn Tintagel Barras neu Willapark. Fe wnaeth Rachel Bromwich, golygydd diweddaraf y Triads Cymreig, ei baru â Kelly Rounds, bryngaer ym mhlwyf Cernyw yn Egloshayle.
Awgrymwyd hyn eisoes gan Charles Henderson yn y Cornish Church Guide (1925) (t. 87).
Yn ddiddorol ddigon,

mae Cosmograffeg Ravenna yn nodi anheddiad rhanbarthol mawr yn oes y Rhufeiniaid fel Nemetostatio yn Dua mnonicentral (wedi'i nodi â Gogledd Tawton, Dyfnaint)
a fyddai'n cyfieithu o'r Lladin fel 'The Outpost of the Sacred Grove (s)'.
Heb fod ymhell o ffin fodern Cernyw mae pentref Kelly yn Nyfnaint sy'n dwyn ei enw oddi wrth deulu lleol hynafol, wedi'i ardystio mor bell yn ôl â'r 11eg ganrif.
Y tu allan i Gernyw
Fodd bynnag, mae yna hefyd nifer o leoedd o'r enw Cernyw neu'n cynnwys yr enw hwnnw yng Nghymru,

ee yr enw lle Coedkernew (Coed Cernyw) yng Nghasnewydd.
Felly awgrymwyd y gallai'r llys hwn fod yn fryngaer Llanmelin, ger Caerwent.

Gan fod Caradog wedi'i gysylltu â Theyrnas Gwent gallai hyn gefnogi'r syniad hwn.
Mae yna hefyd fferm o'r enw Gelliweg ar benrhyn Llosg yng Ngwynedd y mae un pâr o ymchwilwyr ac ysgrifenwyr Arthuraidd,
Dadleua Steven Blake a Scott Lloyd, efallai mai'r lleoliad.
Celliwig fel lle ffuglennol
Y rhai sy'n dadlau bod
Bodmin Moor
gan Gorlas.

Ac mae'r Brenin a lofruddiwyd hefyd yn ôl traddodiad hefyd yn gysylltiedig â chaer arall tua hanner ffordd rhwng Duloe a Roche - sydd i'r de o Rostiroedd Bodmin a Goss
-
ar gyfer y cae lle saif Castell Dore o'r enw Carhurles sy'n golygu 'caer Gorlas'.

Mae'n ymddangos felly y gallai'r pennaeth fod wedi rhagflaenu'r Brenin Marc o saga Tristan yn y gwrthglawdd hwn y gwyddys iddo gael ei ail-feddiannu yn amser Gorlas ar ôl cael ei adael yn ystod y cyfnod Rhufeinig.
Gan dybio bod y cysylltiad traddodiadol rhwng

gallai'r sagas Arthuraidd a Tristan fod yn ffeithiol a bod y Brenin Marc DID yn olynu GORLAS ac yn dal y diriogaeth ddeheuol hon erbyn y chweched ganrif,
nid yn unig rhaid i barth Arthur o Camlan,
ffurf hynaf Camelot,
a dylid ceisio ei gadarnle Celliwic mewn man arall ond dylid ei gwneud yn ofynnol i'r ardal a awgrymir gyflawni rhai amodau er mwyn cyflwyno cynnig dichonadwy iddo'i hun.
Gan y byddai digwyddiadau Arthuraidd wedi digwydd ychydig cyn digwyddiadau saga Tristan,

dylai goresgyniad Gwyddelig fod mewn tystiolaeth ar gyfer prolog y saga yn darlunio’r Gernyweg wrth bennau boncyffion gyda thresmaswyr Gwyddelig ;

ac mae traddodiad marchfilwyr Rhufeinig hysbys yn hanfodol os ydym am gredu y gallai'r ardal arfaethedig gynhyrchu a
a gludir gan geffylau,
rhyfelwr wedi'i orchuddio ag arfwisg ynghyd ag ystyr Carlyon
'gwersyll y lleng'
yr oedd, yn ôl y sôn, gysylltiad ag ef.
Ar ben hynny,
efallai y byddai'r ardal a awgrymir yn cynnig ei hun yn fwy argyhoeddiadol pe bai'n gyfagos i'r llwybr hawsaf allan o Gernyw i hwyluso symud i fyny'r wlad i safle lle

Brwydr Badon

atal cynnydd ymddangosiadol Seisnig tua'r gorllewin.

Yn olaf,
dylem geisio Avalon ar gyfer y Brenin sy'n marw.

YR IWERDDON A CARLYON
Mae'r enw lle Celliwic i'w gael nid yn unig yn y chwedl Arthuraidd ond hefyd,

fel yr amrywiad Caellwig *
yn hanes diweddarach Cernyw ac felly mae'n sicr yn ardal o'r sir ac yn un o'r Rhostiroedd mae'n debyg.
Er bod anghydfod ynghylch ei safle,
yr arwyddion yw y Caniateir iddo setlo yn y pen draw lle mae eisoes yn hofran rhwng caerau bryniau
96 35 32. 2
Killybury

a Canyke-by-Callywith,
mae hynny yn Nyffryn Camel.

A gallai hyn fod er mawr siom i amheuwyr i Camlan hefyd fel petai'n gweddu i'r ardal hon. hefyd mae Siarteri yn dangos yn glir bod y camarweinydd presennol A | len, y mae llednant Rivoi Camel yn cael ei hadnabod yn lle wrth ei henw cywir Laine, a gymhwyswyd yn wreiddiol at y * Camel ei hun ac a roddwyd yn gywir ALAN. Wrth i'r Afon Alan neu'r Camel hon droelli a throi, mae'n debyg bod yr epithet Cernyw 'cam' sy'n golygu 'cam' yn rhagddodi nid yn unig y gair 'heyle' sy'n golygu 'aber' ond hefyd weithiau'r enw Alan. Felly, mae'n ymddangos bod yr enw presennol Camel yn llygredigaeth o un neu'r ddau o'r enwau Cernyweg ar yr afon hon - Camheyle a CAMALAN. °

Felly, gallai fod yn ddiddorol ceisio'r amodau gofynnol yn Nyffryn Camel. O'r chwe charreg hysbys yng Nghernyw sydd wedi'u harysgrifio yn y sgript Wyddelig copipri-sing strôc digyswllt ac o'r enw Ogham, mae pump ar Rostir Bodmin a thair o'r rhain yn ardal Camel. Pe bai'r chweched yn ymddangos yn rhyfedd o bell oddi wrth y lleill yn Truro, efallai y byddem yn maddau am gofio bod un o safleoedd brwydr honedig Arthur ar y'River Treuroit. Fodd bynnag, ac o ran enwau ar y tair carreg Camel Ogham, mae ïon St. Endell-sydd hefyd yn dwyn symbol cynnar ChristianChi Rho, 'XP', dwy lythyren gyntaf y gair Groeg am Grist - yn coffáu 'Brocagnus', a nodwyd ^ gyda cyrhaeddodd y Gwyddel Brychanwho i mewn iornorn trwy Gymru. Mae'r ddau enw ar y ston WorthyvaleOgham © yn Rhufeinig fel y mae'r un ar gofeb St. Kew.x
Mae goresgyniad Gwyddelig yn amlwg yn amlwg fel y mae hefyd yn ddefnydd Rhufeinig. Nid yw'r syndod yn syndod mewn ardal lle darganfuwyd cerrig ffordd Rhufeinig yn Boscastle a Tintagell a 'gwersyll y lleng' yn Nhregear. Ar ben hynny, hyd yn oed AR ÔL i'r orsaf wyr meirch Rufeinig yn Nanstallon sy'n golygu bod'Vale of Alan'was wedi'i gadael, mae'n amlwg bod asiantau Rhufain wedi defnyddio'r llwybr mwyaf hygyrch i ac o'r Ynys ar draws yr ardal arfordir ogleddol hon o leiaf mor hwyr â'r bedwaredd ganrif pan ddaeth y Tintagel arysgrifenwyd carreg. Ami, gan ei bod yn ymddangos bod rhyw 300 mlynedd o gyswllt ag arferiad Rhufeinig wedi dylanwadu ar y
Dumnonii lleol fel eu bod yn ymddangos eu bod wedi copïo siâp Tregear pan wnaethant adeiladu eu gwrthglawdd yn St. Kew, gellid yn rhesymol ddisgwyl y byddent hefyd yn efelychu strategaeth Rufeinig.
YNYS AVALLEN
Wedi'i rendro'n gywir, Avalon yw'r gair Celtaidd 'avallen' sy'n golygu 'coed afalau'. Wedi'i ymgorffori mewn sawl enw lle, mae wedi'i gynnwys yn yr enw Worthyvale a ymddangosodd fel 'Guerdevalen1 yn Llyfr Domesday yn dangos bod cartref Saesneg Cynnar gan berllan ger yr ardal o'r enw Slaughterbridge ym mhen Afon Camel. Mewn gwirionedd, yn draddodiadol ystyriwyd yr union ardal hon fel lleoliad act olaf y ddrama Arthuraidd.
Fodd bynnag, yn ddiweddar, cafodd y fath sylw ei foddi yn y gwawd a dywalltwyd ar yr enw lleol'Arthur's Grave1 am garreg Ogham i goffáu 'Latinos' mewn gwirionedd, ar adroddiadau o falurion brwydr a ddarganfuwyd yno, ac ar baraphernalia Tintagel fel bod y dim ond ymddengys bod sibrwd enw Arthur yn y rhan hon o Gernyw yn weithredadwy o dan y Ddeddf Disgrifiadau Manwerthu diweddar '. Ac eto, pan sylwir bod Worthyvale fwy neu lai yn ynysoedd yng nghanol nentydd a bod y gair lladd, yn ôl pob tebyg yn deillio o'r Hen Saesneg for'muddy ', yn awgrymu cors wasonce tir amgylchynol, mae'n anodd peidio ag amau ​​bod IS Avalon.
Efallai ei bod yn ymddangos yn amherthnasol bod coed Camlanand, hyd yn oed Avaloncannot, i'w gweld ar gyfer coed amheuaeth. Fodd bynnag, mae Cwm Camel sydd wedi cau bron i 900 mlynedd o uniaethu poblogaidd a chyfiawnadwy â'r chwedl Arthuraidd yn dibynnu i raddau helaeth ar dwristiaeth. Siawns nad yw amser ac arian a dreulir yn ceisio profi Arthur mewn man arall yn hir-ddisgwyliedig, ond efallai y bydd yn cael ei fuddsoddi'n fwy effeithiol, yn ei famwlad draddodiadol lle nad yw cymdeithasau ag ef wedi cael eu gwrthbrofi eto '.
CWEST AM SUL
Amser oedd pan gymerwyd straeon am seintiau Cernyw gyda'r dos o halen wedi'i gadw ar gyfer y chwedlau Arthuraidd a Tristan '. Nid felly nawr am y tebygolrwydd y bydd digwyddiadau hanfodol y ddau yn digwydd mewn gwirionedd yn cael ei dderbyn fwyfwy. Pe bai milwriaeth Cristnogaeth a gynrychiolir yn y sagas Arthuraidd a Tristan yn amlwg iawn yn ystod haeriad llwythol Dumnonaidd ar ôl i'r Rhufeiniaid fynd, ei phwer gwareiddiol oedd ei setlo trwy ddylanwad gwladychwyr sant-
Hyd yn hyn, roedd y chwilio am spacehad byw yn ysgogi symudiad pobloedd, nawr yr oedd yn rhaid i eneidiau a chenhadon o Iwerddon, Cymru a Llydaw feithrin y Gristnogaeth fabanod a genhedlwyd yma yng nghyfnod y Rhufeiniaid. Mae cymaint o leoedd ar y map yn cadw enwau'r seintiau hyn, y mae'n debyg bod y cynharaf ohonynt yn deillio o Dde) Cymru lle roedd IItut wedi sefydlu ysgol hyfforddi fynachaidd yn LIantwit Ma jor ym Morgannwg.
Mae ailadeiladu digwyddiadau posib ym Modmin6could yn cynrychioli'r rhai mewn llawer o ardal Cernyw yn ystod y bumed ganrif. Efallai fod caer bryn Celtiaid Bodmin, Castle Canyke, wedi sylwi bod dieithryn wedi cyrraedd y cwm oddi tanynt ym mhen dwyreiniol Parc presennol y Priordy. Barfog a chyda blaen ei ben wedi'i eillio gan adael gwallt yn llifo ymhell ar ôl, byddai'r tresmaswr yn mynd ati i gasglu cerrig a, phren y byddai'n ei gymryd i'r gwanwyn. Cyn bo hir, byddai'n adeiladu cwt, yn sefydlu maen hir wedi'i gerfio'n fras ac yn amgylchynu'r rhain a'i ffynnon gyda wal gerrig pentwr; ac yno y byddai'n ymprydio ac yn gweddïo am ddeugain niwrnod. *
Yna mae'n rhaid ei fod wedi ymweld â nhw, ei lyfr salm yn siglo o'i ganol a'r gloch ar ei staff ar ben rhaw yn swnio'i ddull. Ei enw oedd Gwrin, neu Guron, ac roedd wedi teithio o Gymru ar y môr Yr ympryd a'r gweddïo oedd cysegru ei 'Ian1 neu gae mynachaidd, roedd y garreg yn groes i ddynodi sylfaen Gristnogol a'r cwt oedd ei areithyddiaeth y byddai'n gwneud ohoni efengylu'r ardal ac a allai ddod yn gysegrfa ar ôl marwolaeth. Wrth i'r bobl fynd ato, byddai Guron yn dathlu'r sa
il

Condor

(also Candorus, Cadocand other variants) was a legendary Cornish nobleman. The first known mentions of Condor are from heralds and antiquarians in the late sixteenth century, who recorded claims that he had been earl of Cornwall at the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066, and paid homagetoWilliam the Conquerorto keep his position.William Halsspeculated that he may have supported the rebels at theSiege of Exeter(1068) and lost his earldom; much of Cornwall was given to William's Breton supporters soon afterwards. Condor's son Cadoc may have regained the title underHenry I, and later passed it through his daughter toReginald de Dunstanville.

History

St Clement

Instworth peninsula

St Keverne parish

Launceston Castle

Tintagel Castle

Trematon Castle

Locations in Cornwall associated with Condor

According toWilliam Hals, writing in the eighteenth century, Condor may have been born inSt Clement, or perhaps lived there.^[2]Hals also associates theIntsworthpeninsula inSt Anthonyparish,^[3]the Condura and Tregarne manors inSt Keverneparish,^[4]andTrematon manorwith Condor.^[5]Early nineteenth century Cornish historianRichard PolwhelecallsLaunceston,Tintagel, andTrematoncastles the residences of Condor and the ancient earls of Cornwall.^[6]Sixteenth centuryheraldRobert Gloverdescribed Condor as being "ex Regio sanguine Britannorum" ('from the royal blood of the Britons'),^[7]whileWilliam Borlase, writing in the eighteenth century, said that Condor was "descended from a long train of Ancestors, sometime called Kings, sometime Dukes, and Earls of Cornwall".^[8]A sixteenth centuryarmoryeven refers to Condor as "Erle of Devon".^[9]Some modern sources connect Condor with the last recorded king of Cornwall,Donyarth(died 875), and assert that Condor was his direct descendant.^[10]

Glover, and antiquariesRichard Carewand John Williams write that Condor was briefly appointed as the firstCount(according to Glover) orEarl of CornwallbyWilliam the Conquerorafter theNorman Conquest of England, after payinghomageto William for his earldom.^[7][11][12]Hals suggests that Condor may have supported the rebels at theSiege of Exeterin 1068 and lost his earldom as a result;^[2]William did travel to Cornwall following the siege in a show of strength.^[13]Brian of Brittanyfought for the Normans at the siege, and was rewarded with lands in Devon and Cornwall;^[14]The Complete Peeragestates that he received Cornwall and west Devon when they were taken by the Normans.^{[15][note 1]}Brian was probably deposed after therevolt of the Earlsin 1075, and his lands in Cornwall given to William's half-brotherRobert, Count of Mortainwho owned virtually all of Cornwall by the time ofDomesdayin 1086.^{[15][note 2]}

When Robert's sonWilliam, Count of Mortainrebelled against KingHenry Iin 1104 his lands were stripped, and, according to McKenzie, Woolwater, and Polwhele, they may have been restored to Condor's son, Cadoc.^[6]Hooker, Carew, Williams, and Hals all write that Cadoc had one daughter and heir, called Hawisia, Avicia, Alicia, Amicia, Agnes, or Beatrix,^{[note 3]}who marriedReginald de Dunstanville.^{[7][11][12][2]}Williams and Hals say that through her, Reginald claimed the title Earl of Cornwall,^[12][2]which he was later formally invested with by his half-sisterEmpress Matilda, after it was taken byAlan of Richmondduringthe Anarchy.^[17][18]

Name

Condor's name is not certain, withCarewgiving both his and his son's names as Condor, but noting thatCamdenreferred to him as Cadoc.^[11]Camden's first editions ofBritanniagive his name as Cadocus, but from 1607 he revised that to "Candorus, called by others Cadocus" (Candorus alias Cadocus).^[19][20]Williams gives both his and his son's names as Candor.^[12]Hals gives his name as Cundor or Condor, and Condorus/Condurus/Condura inLatin, and his son as Cad-dock/Caddock/Cradock or Condor the Second.^[2][3]Frederick Lyde Caunter gives Contor as a variant spelling.^[21]

Hals wrote that the name Condor was in all probability taken from a place inSt Clementcalled Conor or Condura, whichDavies Gilbertsays means 'the King or Prince's Water'.^[2]William Pryceinstead suggested that the place name (which he gives as Condurra or Condourra) comes fromcon-dower'the neck of water'.^[22]John Bannistergives Condora as possibly being from 'the head' (cean) 'between the two waters' (dourau), and Condurra/Condurrow as 'druid's down', 'the neck of water', or possibly 'oak' (deru) 'down' (goon).^[23]

Pryce suggests the meaning of the name Cadoc derives fromCad'war',Cadwr'a soldier' or 'a champion', andCadgur'a man of war'.^[24]Hals translates it as meaning to 'bear or carry-war'.^[2]Craig Weatherhillgives the meaning of Cadoc as 'man of battle'.^[25]Bannister says that the name Cadoc means 'warlike' (like the Welshcadwg), while Cradock means 'beloved' (like the Welshcaradog).^[23]

Early sources

Attributed arms of Condor, fromCamden'sBritannia(1610 edition)Attributed arms of Condor's son Cadoc, fromHals'History of Cornwall(c.1750)TheNames of the Gentlemen of Devonshire and Cornwall, with their Arms, a sixteenth centuryarmory, lists:

Condor, Erle of Devon:Sa:besantedor.^[9]

Robert Glover's manuscript "De Ducibus Cornubiæ"^[26][27](c.1568–1588[28]) mentions:

Hawisia, the only daughter and heir of Candor from the royal blood of the Britons, count of Cornwall at the time of the Conquest, and who rendered homage and fidelity to King William the Conqueror for the said county.^[7]

InBritannia(1586–1610),William Camdenwrote:

As for the Earles, none of British blood, are mentioned but onelyCandorus(called by othersCadocus) who is accounted by the late writers, the last Earle of Cornwall, of British race, & as they which are skilfull in Heraldry, have a tradition, bareXV.BesauntsV.IIII.III.II. andI. in a shieldSable.^{[29][note 4]}

John Hooker's manuscript "The Stem of the Earls and Dukes of Cornwall" (c.1587–1601[30]) states:

Reynold Earl of Bristowe, the base son of King Henry the First, married Amicia, the daughter and heir of Condor Lord ofBradninchand Earl of Cornwall; and after the death of the said Earl, Reynold, in the right of his wife, was Lord of Bradninch and Earl of Cornwall, and they had issue a son named Henry, and a daughter named Joan. Henry joined his father in incorporating the town and borough of Bradninch, but died before his father without issue; and for want of issue male, the barony and earldom returned to the Crown. Condor, the last Earl of Cornwall of British extraction, bore for his arms ten bezants on a field sable, which Earl Reynold took and quartered with his own, viz.Gules, twolions passantor, abend sinisterazure.^[7]

In hisSurvey of Cornwall(1602), the antiquaryRichard Carewwrote:

What time William the bastard subdued this Realme, one Condor possessed theEarledome of Cornwall, and didhomagefor the same: he had issue another Condor, whose daughter and heire Agnes, was maried toReignald Earle of Bristowe, base sonne toKing Henry the first. This note I borrowed out of an industrious collection, which setteth downe all the noble mens creations, Armes, and principall descents, in euery Kings dayes since the conquest: but masterCamden, our Clarentieulx, nameth him Cadoc, and saith farther, thatRobert Morton, brother toWilliam Conquerour, by his motherHerlot, was the first Earle of Norman blood, and that his sonneWilliamsucceeded him; who taking part with Duke Robert, against Henry the first, thereby got captiuity, and lost his honour, with which that King inuested the forementioned Reignald.^[11]

In theBook of Baglan(1600–1607), John Williams wrote:

Candor, a brittan, was at the Conq. tyme E. of Cornewal and did homag to the conq. w^mfor his Earldom, and had issue a sone named Candor who was 2 E. of Cornwall next after the Conquest. Candor had a da. & h. called Avicia ma. to Raynold, E. of Bristow, and in her right was E. of Cornewall; bearethS., 10 beausantso., 4, 3, 2, 1.^[12]

In hisHistory of Cornwall(c.1750),William Halswrote:

In this church town [St Clement's] is the well-known place of Conor, Condura, id est, the King or Prince's Water (viz. Cornwall), whose royalty is still over the same, and whose lands cover comparatively the whole parish; from which place in all probability was denominated Cundor or Condor, in Latin Condorus, i. e. Condura, Earl of Cornwall at the time of the Norman Conquest, who perhaps lived, or was born here. And moreover, the inhabitants of this church town and its neighbourhood will tell you, by tradition from age to age, that here once dwelt a great lord and lady called Condura.

This Condurus, as our historians tell us, in 1016 [sic] submitted to the Conqueror's jurisdiction, paid homage for his earldom, and made an oath of hisfealtyto him; but this report doth not look like a true one, for most certain it is, in the 3rd year of the Conqueror's reign, he was deprived of his earldom, the same being given to the Conqueror's half-brother, Robert Earl of Morton in Normandy, whose son William for a long time succeeded him in that dignity after his death. Is it not, therefore, more probable that this Earl Condurus confederated with his countrymen atExeter, in thatinsurrection of the people against the Conqueror in the 3rd year of his reign, and for that reason was deprived of his earldom? Be it as it was, certain it is he married and had issue Cad-dock (id est, bear or carry-war), his son and heir, whom some authors call Condor the Second, who is by them taken for and celebrated as Earl of Cornwall.

But what part of the lands or estate thereof he enjoyed (whilst Robert and William, Earls of Morton aforesaid, his contemporaries, for thirty years were alive, and doubtless possessed thereof, as well as his title and dignity) hath not yet appeared to me. His chief dwelling and place of residence was at Jutsworth, nearSaltashandTrematon, where he married and had issue one only daughter named Agnes, as some say, others Beatrix, who was married to Reginald Fitz-Harry, base son of King Henry I., by his concubine Anne Corbett, in whose right he was made Earl of Cornwall, after William Earl of Cornwall aforesaid had forfeited the same, by attainder of treason against the Conqueror and his sons, and was deprived thereof.

This Earl Caddock, or Condor the 2nd, departed this life 1120, and lies buried in the chancel ofSt. Stephen's Church, by Saltash, and gave for his arms, in a field Sable, 15 bezantspalewise, 4, 4, 4, 2, 1.^[2]

William Borlasewrote inThe Antiquities of Cornwall(1754):

For when the Conquerour came in, the last Earl of Cornwall of British blood (by some called Candorus; by Camden, Cadocus) descended from a long train of Ancestors, sometime called Kings, sometime Dukes, and Earls of Cornwall, was displaced, and his Lands as well as Honours given to Robert Earl of Moreton; and it is natural to think that, where the Residence of those ancient Earls of Cornwall was, there he occasionally fixed his Court, as at Lanceston, Tindagel, and Trematon. Mr. Carew, in his Survey gives us this account of an ancient Monument found in the parish Church of St. Stephen, to which this Castle belongs. "I have received information (he says) from one averring eye witness, that about fourscore years since, there was digged up in the parish chancel, a leaden coffin, which, being opened, shewed the proportion of a very big man. The partie farder told me, how a writing, graved in the lead, expressed the same to be the burial of a Duke, whose heir was married to the Prince, but who it should be, I cannot devise; albeit, my best pleasing conjecture lighteth upon Orgerius, because his daughter was married to Edgar." Now this Orgerius was Duke of Cornwall, A. D. 959 and might probably have lived at Trematon Castle in this parish; but he was buried in the monastery of Tavistock (as W. of Malmsbury says), so that probably the Duke of Cornwall buried here was Cadoc, hereafter mentioned. Farther of this Castle, before the Conquest, I have not yet seen. Under Robert, Earl of Moreton and Cornwall, it appears by the Exeter Domesday, that Reginald de Valletorta held the Castle; but the inheritance came to William Earl of Cornwall, from whom it passed by attainder to the crown, with his other lands and dignities; then, as some think, Cadoc, son of the Condorus above-mentioned, was restored to the Earldom of Cornwall, lived and died at the Castle of Trematon, leaving one only daughter and heir, Agnes, married to Reginald Fitz-Henry, natural son to Henry I. I conjecture, therefore, that this Cadoc must be that Duke (or rather Earl) of Cornwall, whose sepulchre was discovered as above, his daughter being married to a Prince of the Royal Blood.^[8]

Claimed descent from Condor

TheLiskeardlawyer Frederick Lyde Caunter reports thatJohn the Chanter,Bishop of Exeterfrom 1184–1190, was said to be a great-grandson of Condor.^[21]

Caunter also states that "There has always been a legend in the family that the Devonshire Caunters are descended from Condor, sometimes written 'Contor', Earl of Cornwall". Caunter goes on to cite Charles Broughton, the author of a nineteenth century manuscript,Origin of the family of Caunter in Devonshire & Canter in Cornwall. Broughton, an Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office and apparently a friend ofRichard MacDonald Caunter, wrote that "the Caunter family part of whom settled in Devonshire & part in Cornwall, are descended from Condor" and that Condor's descendants "in the direct line settled in that part of the County called 'theSouth Hams', & a younger branch retired to a more remote part of the County of Cornwall." Caunter adds, however, that he was unable to find confirmation for Broughton's statements.^[21]

Richard Charnock noted the Cornish surname Condor/Condura/Cundor in connection with Condor of Cornwall, but concluded that the name is derived from the place inSt Clement parish.^[22]

Saint Germans Cornish: Lannaled is a village and civil parish in east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It stands on the River Tiddy, just upstream of where that river joins the River Lynher; the water way from St Germans to the Hamoaze is also known as St Germans River.

It takes its name from the Saint German's Priory, generally associated with Saint Germanus, although the church may have been associated initially with a local saint, who was gradually replaced by the 14th century. This Norman church is adjacent to the Port Eliot estate of the present Earl of Saint Germans.

The other villages in the historic parish were Tideford, Hessenford, Narkurs ,Polbathic, and Bethany, but new ecclesiastical parishes were established in 1834 Saint Anne's Church, Hessenford and 1852 Tideford. In 1997 part of the Saint Germans parish was made into Deviock parish. The area of the civil parish is 10,151 acres  and it has a population of 1,427, increasing to 1,453 at the 2011 census. An electoral ward with the name Saint Germans also exists. The population at the 2011 census was 4,301.

It was originally a busy fishing village in the 19th century. The Saint Germans Quay was busy in the last century with cargoes of timber, coal and limestone and materials for the building of the railway that was to bring about the demise of river trade . Until the last war the trade in roadstone continued. Now Saint Germans Quay is home to the village sailing club: the Quay Sailing Club . The sailing club is now well established and plays a part in the life of the village.

Saint Germans railway station was opened on 4 May 1859 at the west end of Saint Germans viaduct, 106 feet above the quay. It is notable for having the best-preserved Cornwall Railway station buildings

The former priory church at Saint Germans in Cornwall bears his name and was in late Saxon times the seat of a bishop. A few other churches in England are dedicated to the saint, including Saint Germain's Church, Edgbaston, in Birmingham, Saint Germanus' Church, Faulkbourne, in Essex and Saint Germanus' Church, Rame, in Cornwall, as well as the church at Germansweek in Devon. The name of the civil parish of Wiggenhall St Germans in Norfolk reflects a church dedication.

In Wales, Germanus is remembered as an early influence on the Keltic Church. In the current liturgical calendar for Wales, he is commemorated on August 3, July 31 being designated for Ignatius of Loyola. In Adamsdown, Cardiff, St German's Church is a Church in Wales (Anglican) parish church by Bodley, opened in 1884.

A mile west of the town is Maes Garmon, The Field of Germanus ,the traditional site of the Alleluia Victory by British forces led by Germanus of Auxerre against the invading Picts and Scots, which occurred shortly after Easter, Anno Dominae 43

So what we have with the Life of Saint Germanus is a  prepared by a man about 50 years after the event recorded in that work.  And all of this comes from a MS. which was copied centuries after that.  Finally, we have another early MS. filled with interpolations.  And let us not forget: a saint’s Life is a piece of hagiography.  And hagiography is not in any sense of the word history.  Saints’ Lives are an odd combination of biography and wonder working, full of the standard falsehoods of religion.  As such, they are an expression of the medieval mindset and world view, intended to glorify saintly personages and to promulgate the ideals and doctrines of the Church.  By their very nature, then, they are often rife with pious fraud.

Still, on the surface of it, there is nothing fantastical about a holy man being present at a battle.  We need not take his generalship of the British army seriously, of course, and the defeat of the pagans with a thrice-shouted ‘Alleluia!’ can be relegated to the dustbin of fictional miracles.  It does seem that a Germanus of Auxerre did go over to battle Pelagianism. That much seems certain. All else is doubtful.

Around 429, about twenty years after the Roman administration had been ejected from Britain, a Gaulish assembly of bishops chose Germanus and Lupus, Bishop of Troyes, to visit the island. It was alleged that Pelagianism was rife among the British clergy, led by a British bishop's son named Agricola. Germanus went to combat the threat and satisfy the Pope that the British church would not break away from the Augustinian teachings of divine grace. On the way to Britain they passed through Nanterre, where Germanus noticed in the crowd which met them a young girl, whom he bade live as one espoused to Christ, and who later became Saint Geneviève of Paris. Germanus and Lupus confronted the British clergy at a public meeting before a huge crowd in Britain. The Pelagians were described as being 'conspicuous for riches, brilliant in dress and surrounded by a fawning multitude'. The bishops debated and, despite having no popular support, Germanus was able to defeat the Pelagians using his superior rhetorical skills.

Constantius also recounts the miraculous healing of the blind daughter of 'a man with tribunician power'. This use of the word tribune may imply the existence of some form of post-Roman government system. However, in Constantius' lifetime tribune had acquired a looser definition, and often was used to indicate any military officer, whether part of the Imperial army or part of a town militia.

Legend has it that Germanus led the native Britons to a victory against Pictish and Saxon raiders, at a mountainous site near a river, of which Mold in North Wales is the traditional location. The enemy approaching, the former general put himself at the head of the Christians. He led them to a wide grassy ledge above the valley where they lay down and could not be seen from the valley. When the Saxon pirates were below them, Germanus cried out thrice "Alleluia", which was immediately echoed by the multitude who stood up and rushed forward. The sound and the sudden appearance of the crowd caused the pirates to panic and flee. They were immediately pursued and slaughtered, leaving behind their baggage and booty.

Mold developed around Mold Castle. The motte and bailey was built by the Norman Robert de Montalt in around 1140. The castle was part of the military invasion of Wales by Anglo-Norman forces. The castle was besieged numerous times by the Princes of Gwynedd as they fought to retake control of the eastern cantrefs in the Perfeddwlad (English: Middle Country). In 1146, Owain Gwynedd may have captured the castle; however the event may refer to another castle of the same name in mid-Wales. By 1167, Henry the second was in possession of the castle, although it was recaptured by the Welsh forces of Llywelyn the Great in 1201.

Anglo-Norman authority over the area began again in 1241 when Dafydd ap Llywelyn yielded possession of the castle to the de Montalt family; however he recaptured it from the Plantagenet nobility in 1245. During the next few decades there was a period of peace, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd built Ewloe Castle further to the east complimenting his military hold on the area. Mold castle under Welsh rule was deemed to be a "royal stronghold". Mold was recaptured by Edward the first during the Welsh Wars in the 1270s. It remained a substantial fortification at the outbreak of the rebellion by Madog ap Llywelyn in 1294. However, with the death of the last Lord Montalt in 1329, Mold Castle's importance began to decline. The last mention of the fortification in the Patent Rolls is in the early 15th century.

With the end of the Welsh Wars, the Statute of Rhuddlan brought the introduction of English common law. This led to an increase in commercial and business enterprise in the township that had been laid out around Mold Castle. Trade between the Welsh community and English merchants in Chester and Whitchurch, Shropshire soon began. During the medieval period, the town held two annual fairs and a weekly market which brought in substantial revenues as drovers brought their livestock to the English-Welsh border to be sold.

Mold, circa 1795

Nevertheless, tensions between the Welsh and the English remained. During the War of the Roses, Reinalt ab Grufydd ab Bleddyn, a Lancastrian captain that defended Harlech Castle for Henry the sixth against Yorkist forces, was constantly engaged in feuds with Chester. In 1465 a large number of armed men from Chester arrived at the Mold fair looking for trouble. A fight broke out which led to a pitched battle; eventually Reinalt triumphed and captured Robert Bryne, a former Mayor of Chester. The Welsh captain then took Bryne back to his tower house near Mold and hanged him. In retaliation up to 200 men-at-arms were sent from Chester to seize Reinalt. However the Welshman used his military experience to turn the tables on his attackers. He hid in the woods while many of the men entered his home; once inside, he rushed from concealment, blocked the door, and set fire to the building trapping those inside. Reinalt then attacked the remainder driving them back towards Chester.[3]

By the late 15th century the lordships around Mold had passed to the powerful Stanley family. In 1477 records mention that Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby had appointed numerous civic officials in Mold (including a mayor), was operating several mills, and had established a courthouse in the town.

However, in the 1530s, the Tudor antiquarian John Leland noted the weekly market had been abandoned. By now Mold had two main streets: Steate Byle (Beili) and Streate Dadlede (Dadleu-dy). About 40 houses made up the settlement. By the beginning of the 17th century, the coal industry had begun to develop in areas near the town. This industry led to a rise in Mold's population, by the 1630s there were more than 120 houses and huts in the area.

As the government of Elizabeth I had established royal representatives (Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, and Lords Lieutenant) in every county of Wales. Mold developed into the administrative centre for Flintshire. By the 1760s, the Quarter Sessions were based in the town; the county hall was established in 1833, and the county gaol in 1871.

In 1833, workmen digging a prehistoric mound at Bryn yr Ellyllon (Fairies' or Goblins' Hill) discovered a unique golden cape, which dates from 1900–1600 BC in the Bronze Age. The cape weighs 560 g and was produced from a single gold ingot about the size of a golf ball. Unfortunately it was broken when found and the fragments were shared out among the workmen, with the largest piece going to Mr Langford, tenant of the field in which the mound stood. The find was recorded by the vicar of Mold and came to the notice of the British Museum. In 1836 Langford sold his piece to the Museum and subsequently most of the pieces were recovered, though there is a tradition that the wives of some of the workmen sported new jewellery after the find! Restored, the cape now forms one of the great treasures of the British Museum in London.

Mold hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1923, 1991 and 2007. There was an unofficial National Eisteddfod event in 1873.

Mold was linked to Chester by the Mold Railway, with a large British Rail station together with adjacent marshalling yards and engine sheds; however, these closed when Croes Newydd at Wrexham was opened. The station was closed in 1962 in the Beeching Cuts of the early 1960s, though the track survived until the mid-1980s to serve the Synthite chemical works. A Tesco supermarket was built on the station site in the 1990s. The nearest station is now Buckley railway station.

St. Germans in Keltic Times
It is generally accepted that Saint Germans takes its name from Saint Germanus, who was Bishop of Auxerre, and who lived from 380 to 448. Germanus was a Gallo-Roman who was educated as a lawyer in Rome, and, who, until his consecration as Bishop by Bishop Amatre, in 418, was an administrator in his home province. His fame as a Bishop spread because of his devotion and zeal in the opposing of Pelagianism, the current heresy, and his fight against Pelagianism brought him several times to these shores. Whether or not he ever visited this corner of Cornwall it is hard to say, and there is little historical evidence to support it, though with several churches dedicated to his name, it is not impossible that he should have sojourned here en route from Gaul on his missionary journeys as a champion of Orthodoxy. The geographical nature of Saint Germans must have marked it out as a place for human habitation from a very early date, and in Keltic times there most certainly would have been a village on the site, the large hill behind, known as Colcaer Hill, acting as a protection against pirates who infested the Cornish estuaries. The name Colcaer, originally Kilgear, contains the word ‘Caer’, which means a fortress. With the tidal river as a useful means of communication there well could have been an enclosed fortified Keltic village. Christianity for the most part had come to these people from the great missionary centre of Wales and Ireland, and many saints on their journeys from those places to the new colony in Brittany passed across Cornwall, and left their names behind them. A fine example of this is Saint Winwallo, one of the most famous Saints of Brittany who founded an abbey near Brest, is revered with several shrines in Cornwall and Devon. One of these being a chapel in the south part of the parish of Saint Germans, a place now called Saint Winnols. The adjacent farm is called Eglaroose, in ancient days was called Eglos-Rose meaning ‘the chapel on the promontory’, showing that in Keltic times St. Winwallo’s Chapel was an independent church, the foundation of which was probably older than St. Germans itself, but although maintained as a chapel of ease by the Priory until the Reformation not a stone now remains. Cornwall does not seem to have been subdued by the West Saxons
until about 830 in the reign of Egbert. Before that the Cornish Church managed its own affairs without reference to the Saxon Church established by Saint Augustine. This church in Cornwall was essentially monastic and all the principal churches were monasteries, wherein the Bishops were the Abbots or else subordinate to them. Amongst these we may be fairly certain that one was to be found at Saint Germans, though it is curious that the old Keltic name of St. Germans , if it ever had one , has not survived.

Abbot Lyfing and Cnutand not very usual cognomen Sabinus.

The stones have somewhat of the appearance of funeral monuments, but are entirely lacking in Christian emblems.

Such as they are, they point to some kind of Roman cultural influence in the district of Tavistock.

The abbey was founded in 961 by Ordgar, an English noble who was probably Ealdorman of Devon and Cornwall under King Eadgar the Peaceful. He is best known as the father of Eadgar's second wife, Elfthryth or known as “Elfrida” of evil memory, mother of the "redeless ” king Ethelred the second and the murderess of her step-son, Edward the second the Martyr. The monastery was not dedicated until 981, by Ordgar’s son Ordwulf, and only sixteen years later it was sacked by the Danes. It was, however, reestablished, quite possibly by the Danish King Cnut, who is known to have taken pleasure in restoring foundations ruined by his piratical father and his associates. The abbot in Cnut’s reign was Lyfing, a notable figure in the history of the times. He accompanied Cnut on his famous “pilgrimage” to Rome in 1026, and six years later was appointed Bishop of Crediton.

Shortly afterwards the Cornish See of Saint Germans was united to Crediton, so that Lyfing exercised ecclesiastical authority over the whole of die two western counties. He took a foremost share in the elevation to the throne of Edward the Confessor.

Another notable abbot was Ealdred, who afterwards became Archbishop of York and crowned William the Norman in Westminster Abbey. No special ill-fortune seems to have befallen Tavistock Abbey for five hundred years after its restoration.

ST. GERMANS .Augustinian was the seat of a bishop in early times. The bishops of the Celtic churches were not like those of the English; their sphere influence was not defined in the same way. In Ireland a bishop often lived in a monastic settlement and was inferior in in rank to the Abbot. In Cornwall the Bishop of Saint. Germans was probably the head of a monastery. Whether his jurisdiction extended over the whole of modern Cornwall, or whether there were not other bishops—at Bodmin, for instance—in the quite early days, is not clear. The first bishop who is named is one Conan, in AthelStan’s time (in 936), but he will not have been actually the first. The last was Burhwold.

In 1050 the old See of Saint. Germans was united with Exeter by Edward the Confessor, and Bishop Leofric, who had formerly had Crediton for his See, moved thither. He is said to have placed canons in St. Germans. But it was Bartholomew, Bishop of Exeter in Henry II’s time, who made it a Priory of Augustinian Canons. So it continued till the Suppression, when its annual value was somewhat under £250.

The church has a certain cathedral flavour about it, in that it has two western towers; one is Norman, with an oCtagonal top of the thirteenth century. The other, the southern, has Norman base and Perpendicular upper Storey. Between them is a fine late Norman door. The nave has two Norman piers on the south side, and a Norman font is in the south tower.

The original north aisle was pulled down in 1803 and replaced by the pew of the Eliots—the house of Port Eliot is immediately beside the church.

The description in the Beauties of "England and Wales , Britton and Bray-ley; this volume was issued in 1801 and is rather unwontedly minute and careful. I will quote a good part of it, and the visitor may be interested in comparing it with what he sees now.

After describing the western arch it says : “ Over the arch is a pediment with a cross at the top resembling an heraldic cross patee within a circle; on each side is a small pointed window, and above these are three small narrow round-headed windows. Above these is the main western gable.

“ The north aisle is divided from the nave by five short thick round columns, each connected with a half-pillar opposite to it in the north wall, by a low surbased arch. All the capitals of the columns are square, and curiously ornamented with Saxon / Norman sculpture. The third from the west end is embellished with grotesque figures having bodies resembling dogs, opposed to each other, with their fore parts meeting at the angle of the capital in one head ; the upper part human, but the lower like a scollop-shell. Above these range six plain arches, some of them apparently of the same age and Style with those in the nave of Saint Alban’s Abbey Church, Hertfordshire.

“ In several windows of the aisle are a few coats of arms on painted glass. “ The architecture of the south aisle is very dissimilar from that on the the south aisle is, in fact, of two periods : the eastern part, of the fourteenth century, was built first as a separate chapel. The western is of the Perpendicular period. Here we discover the ornamented niches and the pointed arch windows. The six arches which divide it from the nave are pointed; the two western arches are quite plain and very sharp; the pillars that support them are round, massive and clumsy Norman. The four eastern are higher and less pointed, having round capitals ornamented with mouldings ; the pillars sustaining them are more slender (Perpendicular). The windows in this aisle are large and handsome ; they are divided into compartments by stone mullions, but all are dissimilar in their tracery.  In the south wall near the middle of the aisle is a niche ornamented with sculpture, supposed to have belonged to some ancient monument of an abbot, but no particulars relative to it are now extant. It is apparently for an image of a saint, and has been called the* Bishop’s Throne.’The present carving is largely of 1850. The table of the recess in the wall is covered with a Stone 7 feet 6 inches long which appears to have had some figure let into it, but the form of the outline cannot be distinguished. The length of the church within the walls is 104 feet 6 inches ; its breadth 67 feet 6 inches.”

The chancel fell in 1592.

“In that part now employed as the chancel is a rude ancient seat generally called the ‘ Bishop’s Chair ’ , probably this is correct, and the Statement above about the niche, from a more modern source, is a mistake. Its height is about three feet. Beneath the seat is carved the figure of a hunter with game on his shoulder and accompanied by dogs. This is probably of the fourteenth century, and may represent St. Hubert. The chair is now placed on part of a tesselated tile pavement found about 50 yards from the present east window.  Nearly ten feet east of it was the foundation of a wall which from its thickness and materials seems to have been the original extent of the building.” The present east window is a very fine Perpendicular one, most likely transferred from the original east end. The last restoration of the church was carried out in 1888-94. The following note of Leland must refer to the destroyed choir : “ Besyde the hie altare on the ryght hand ys a tumbe with the image of a bishop, and over the tumbe are eleven bishops painted with their names, and verses, as token of so many bishops buried ther, or that ther had bene so many bishops of Cornwall that had theyr seete ther.”

The priory buildings were on the north side, and what remains of them is incorporated in the house of Port Eliot,of which the dining-room is said to occupy the site of the frater. The frater seems to have been Standing in Browne Willis’s days, early in the eighteenth century, and also another hall with an oriel and dais was remembered and described to him, perhaps the Prior’s hall; it seems to have had the arms of the last Prior in the window. Some ancient paintings on panel are or were in the house “ known to have belonged to the Priory.” They represented the Life of Christ.

Callington (Cornish: Kelliwik) is a civil parish and town in east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom about 7 miles  north of Saltash and 9 miles  south of Launceston.

Callington parish had a population of 4,783 in 2001, according to the 2001 census. This had increased to 5,786 in the 2011 census.

The town is situated in east Cornwall between Dartmoor to the east and Bodmin Moor to the west. A former agricultural market town, it lies at the intersection of the south–north A388 Saltash to Launceston road and the east–west A390 Tavistock to Liskeard road. Kit Hill is a mile north-east of the town and rises to 1,093 feet with views of Dartmoor, Bodmin Moor and the River Tamar.

The hamlets of Bowling Green, Kelly Bray ,Frogwell and Downgate are in the parish.

Callington railway station was the terminus of a branch line from Bere Alston, the junction with the Southern Railway's Tavistock to Plymouth line. The railway line beyond Gunnislake to the Callington terminus was closed in the 1960s, due to low usage and difficult operating conditions on the final sections of the line due to several severe gradients and speed restrictions. One can still travel by rail on the Tamar Valley Line from Plymouth as far as Gunnislake via Bere Alston, where trains reverse. For most of its journey the line follows the River Tamar. Gunnislake is the nearest railway station to Callington, although the nearest mainline station is at Saltash.

Food manufacturersGinstersand The Cornwall Bakery (both wholly owned subsidiaries of Samworth Brothers) are the largest employers in the town.

Ginsters uses local produce in many of its products, buying potatoes and other vegetables from local farmers and suppliers.

Historic listed building The Old Clink on Tillie St, built in 1851 as a lock-up for drunks and vagrants, is now used as the offices for a local driving school.

There is also a Tesco supermarket, opened in 2010, which employs 200 local people.

St Mary's Church, viewed from the southeast Tomb and effigy of Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke 1502 , St Mary's Church, Callington, north wall of chancel

Callington has been postulated as one of the possible locations of the ancient site of Celliwig, associated with King Arthur. Nearby ancient monuments include Castlewitch Henge, with a diameter of 96 metres and Cadsonbury Iron Age hillfort, as well as Dupath Well built in 1510 on the site of an ancient sacred spring.

Callington was recorded in theDomesday Book(1086); the manor had four hides of land and land for thirty ploughs. The lord had land for three ploughs with eleven serfs. Twenty-four villeins and fourteen smallholders had land for fifteen ploughs. There were also one and a half square leagues of pasture and a small amount of woodland. The income of the manor was £6 sterling.

In 1601 Robert Rolle (died 1633) purchased the manor of Callington, thereby gaining the pocket borough seat of Callington in Parliament, which in future served to promote the careers of many Rolles. He nominated to this seat his brother William Rolle (died 1652) in 1604 and 1614, his son Sir Henry Rolle (1589–1656), of Shapwick, in 1620 and 1624, his son-in-law Thomas Wise (died March 1641) of Sydenham in Devon, in 1625, and another son John Rolle (1598–1648),

In the 19th century, Callington was one of the most important mining areas in Great Britain. Deposits of silver were found nearby in Silver Valley. Today, the area is marked by mining remains, but there are no active mines.Granite is still quarried on Hingston Down.

The former Callington constituency, a rotten borough, elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons but was abolished by the Reform Act 1832. The town is now in the South East Cornwall constituency.

St Mary's Church was originally a chapel of ease to South Hill; it was consecrated in 1438 and then had two aisles and a buttressed tower; a second north aisle was added in 1882. Unusually for Cornwall there is a clere story; the wagon roofs are old. The parish church contains the fine brass of Nicholas Assheton and his wife, 1466.

In the churchyard there is a Gothic lantern cross. It was first mentioned by the historian William Borlase in 1752. Each of the four faces of the cross head features a carved figure beneath an ogee arch. The heads of these figures have been chiselled off, no doubt in the Commonwealth period.

Launceston Castle is located in the town of Launceston, Cornwall, England. It was probably built by Robert the Count of Mortain after 1068, and initially comprised an earthwork and timber castle with a large motte in one corner. Launceston Castle formed the administrative centre of the new earldom of Cornwall, with a large community packed within the walls of its bailey. It was rebuilt in stone in the 12th century and then substantially redeveloped by Richard of Cornwall after 1227, including a high tower to enable visitors to view his surrounding lands. When Richard's son, Edmund, inherited the castle, he moved the earldom's administration to Lostwithiel, triggering the castle's decline. By 1337, the castle was increasingly ruinous and used primarily as a gaol and to host judicial assizes.

The castle was captured by the rebels during the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549, and was garrisoned by the Royalists during the English Civil War in the 17th century. Towards the end of the civil war it was stripped for its building materials and rendered largely uninhabitable. A small gaol was erected in the centre of the bailey, which was also used for executions. The castle eventually became the county gaol for Cornwall, but was heavily criticised for its poor facilities and treatment of inmates, earning it the nickname Castle Terrible. By 1842, the remaining prisoners had been moved to Bodmin  Gaol and the site was closed, the castle being landscaped to form a park by the Duke of Northumberland. During the Second World War, the site was used to host United States Army soldiers and, later, by the Air Ministry for offices. The ministry left the castle in 1956 and the site was reopened to visitors.

In the 21st century, Launceston is owned by the duchy of Cornwall and operated by English Heritage as a tourist attraction. Much of the castle defences remain, including the motte ,keep and high tower which overlook the castle's former deer park to the south. The gatehouses and some of the curtain wall have survived, and archaeologists have uncovered the foundations of various buildings in the bailey, including the great hall.

History

11th–12th centuries

Castle area

Town

Deer park

Launceston Castle was built after the Norman conquest of England, probably following the capture of Exeter in 1068. It was built at a strategic location, then called Dunheved, controlling the area between Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor, and the access over the Polson ford into Cornwall. It was probably constructed by Robert, the Count of Mortain, who was granted the earldom of Cornwall by William the Conqueror.

The early castle had earth and timber ramparts surrounding a bailey, with a defensive motte in its north-east corner. The bailey was designed around a grid-plan, aligned along its north-south axis, and had a substantial timber hall in the south-west corner. A large number of people lived and worked in wooden buildings that probably filled the site; the historian Oliver Creighton suggests that it would have resembled a "town within a town".

The castle became the administrative centre for the earldom and was used by Robert's court. There was already an existing market held at nearby St Stephen's church by the local canons, but Robert appropriated it and moved the market to outside his new castle, intending to profit from the trade. A watermill was built to the south-west of the castle.

The first documentary record of the castle dates from 1086 and further evidence is limited until the 13th century. Robert's son, William, rebelled against Henry I of England in 1106, who confiscated the castle. Reginald de Dunstanville held it between 1141 and 1175, and it passed to the then Prince John when he acquired the title of the Count of Mortain in 1189, and then passed back into the hands of the Crown after John's rebellion against his brother, Richard I, in 1191. King John gave the castle to Hubert de Burgh, sheriff of Cornwall.

A circular keep was constructed, probably in the late-12th century, on the castle's motte, along with two stone gatehouses and towers along the walls. The wooden buildings in the bailey were rebuilt in stone and the construction work spread up onto the inside edges of the ramparts. Some of these houses may have belonged to the members of the castle-guard, feudal knights who were granted local estates in return for helping to defend the castle.

13th century

The interior face of the southern gatehouse, constructed by Richard of Cornwall

Henry III's younger brother , Richard of Cornwall, was granted the earldom in 1227. Backed by the revenues from the lucrative Cornish tin mining industry, he reconstructed the defences at the castle. Richard only visited Cornwall occasionally during his life, probably using Berkhampsted and Wallingford castles as his primary residences in England, and the work may have been designed to impress the Cornish nobility, with whom Richard had a difficult relationship.

A small deer park was established to the south-west of the castle during this period, incorporating the castle mill within its boundaries, and it was occasionally supplied with deer from Kerrybullock, another park belonging to the earldom. A later survey showed the park being a league–3 miles (4.8km)–in circumference, and able to hold up to 40 deer.

Richard rebuilt the walls and the gatehouses at Launceston, building a high tower to increase the height of the keep, probably to allow guests to enjoy the view of his deer park. The bailey was cleared of its older buildings and a new great hall was constructed in the south-west corner. The castle's inhabitants ate well, enjoying a wide range of food including prime cuts of venison brought into the castle, probably mostly from the larger deer parks belonging to the earldom across the region.

A town borough was formally created in 1201, and by the 1220s there was a settlement established outside the castle gates; some of those residents who had been moved out of the bailey may have resettled there. Richard built a stone wall around the new town, linking it to the castle defences, intending it both as a defensive measure and to impress visitors.

Richard's son Edmund inherited the earldom in 1272 and moved the administrative hub of the earldom to Lostwithiel, closer to the tin mining industries. Launceston Castle remained significant as a site of local government, but it soon fell into neglect. When Edmund died in 1300, he left no heirs and the property reverted to the Crown.

14th–16th centuries

The eastern edge of the bailey, overlooking the remains of a D-shaped tower, the motte, keep and the High Tower

Edward II gave the earldom, including Launceston Castle, to his royal favourite Piers de Gaveston but, following Gaveston's execution in 1312, the castle passed to Walter de Bottreaux. In 1337,Edward III's son, Edward the Black Prince, was made the first Duke of Cornwall and acquired Launceston Castle. A survey reported a range of problems with the poorly-maintained fortification, noting that the walls–which were supposed to have been repaired by the knights of the castle-guard–were "ruinous", and that various buildings inside the bailey, including two prison buildings, were "decayed" and in need of new roofs. By this time the constable of the castle was living in the north gatehouse. Repairs to Launceston were undertaken in the 1340s and Edward held a council meeting at the castle in 1353, which was increasingly being used mainly for the holding of judicial assizes and as a gaol.

In the 15th century, the castle's bailey was subdivided by a long wall, and the high tower on top of the keep was turned into an additional prison building. Launceston played little part in the dynastic Wars of the Roses that broke out after 1455; the castle was given to the Yorkist favourite Halnatheus Malyverer in 1484, but Henry VII's victory the following year saw him replaced by Sir Richard Edgcumbe. After Edgcumbe's death in 1489 his son Piers Edgecumbe took over as constable for life. When the antiquarian John Leland visited in 1539, he noted that the castle was "the strongest, though not the biggest", he had ever seen, but the only buildings he noted were the chapel and the great hall, which was then being used for assize and court sessions.

Launceston Castle played a role in Cornish politics during the middle of the 16th century. In 1548, Sir William Body, a royal commissioner sent by Edward VI to destroy the Catholic shrines at Helston, was killed by two local Cornish men. In retaliation, 28 local men were arrested and executed at the castle. Anger grew, and in 1549 a wider uprising called the Prayer Book Rebellion took place. It was headed by Sir Humphrey Arundell, who marched up through the county and took Launceston Castle that summer, probably without a struggle. The castle was then used to imprison the royalist leader, Sir Richard Grenville, who died during his detention there. John Russell, the Earl of Bedford, subsequently defeated the rebels and retook Launceston, capturing Arundel who was seized in the street fighting.

During the 16th century, the castle began to be used as a rubbish tip by the adjacent town, and under Henry VIII the deer park, which was no longer needed to generate venison for the duchy, fell into disuse. By 1584, the antiquarian John Norden described the castle as "now abandoned", observing that although the hall was very spacious, the chapel was in a state of some decay.

17th–18th centuries

John Speed's depiction of Launceston town and castle in 1611

In 1637, Launceston Castle was used to imprison the Puritan writer John Bastwick ; contemporary accounts noted that the decaying castle was "so ruinous that every small blast of wind threatened to shatter it down upon his head". Shortly afterwards, the English Civil War broke out between the followers of Charles I and Parliament. The castle was predominantly held by the Royalists, until it was finally taken by the Parliamentarian general, Sir Thomas Fairfax, in February 1646. Before retreating from the town, the Royalist forces reportedly stripped the castle of the lead from its roofs and gave the timbers to the townsfolk to use as fuel. It was left in such a poor condition that Parliament did not bother to slight it, unlike many other captured castles.

A survey in 1650 showed that the town houses and their gardens had encroached on the external defences and that the only inhabitable part of the castle was the north gatehouse; the assizes were moved to a new hall built within the town itself. In the same year, Parliament sold off the properties of the duchy of Cornwall, and Colonel Robert Bennett, a Baptist teacher and supporter of Oliver Cromwell, purchased the castle, its deer park and its gaol. The north gatehouse began to be partially used as a prison, and in 1656 was used to hold various members of the Society of Friends, including George Fox, their founder, who described it as a "nasty stinking place".

Hendrick de Cort's pastoral depiction of the castle in the late-18th century; note the fortified bridge (centre) and the Watch Tower (right), later destroyed

When Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660, Bennett was removed from his post as constable. He was initially replaced by Thomas Rosse and then, in 1661, by Philip Piper. A gaol was built in the centre of the bailey in the late-17th century; it was bought by the constable and was adopted as the county gaol. In 1690, the county complained to the King that the constable, Sir Hugh Pyper, had allowed it to fall into disrepair and that the male and female prisoners were sleeping together in the same quarters. Two years later, the Crown granted the post of constable in perpetuity to Hugh and for two generations after him; in exchange, Hugh agreed to invest £120 in repairing the facility. The bailey was also used for carrying out executions.

The Pyper family's control of the constableship concluded in 1754, and George II then appointed a sequence of constables who became responsible for running the castle and county gaol on behalf of the duchy of Cornwall. In 1764, the north gatehouse was partially demolished by Coryndon Carpenter, a former mayor of Launceston and the castle's constable, who used the materials to help built a new mansion alongside the castle, called Eagle House. Parts of the north-west curtain wall were destroyed in the process of his landscaping work. When the artist William Gilpin visited in 1775, he praised the picturesque condition of the ruins.

The prisoner reformer John Howard reported in 1777 that the gaol was very small, forming a main room with three separate cages running along one side; one of these cages was reserved for female prisoners. The upper room was used as a chapel, and food for the inmates was lowered through a hole by the prison gaoler. In 1779, after complaints were made by about the conditions, £500 was granted by Parliament and the gaol was enlarged to comprise a day room and a total of seven cells for male and female prisoners, with accommodation for the prison governor on the first floor. In exchange, the county agreed to take over the maintenance of the gaol. By 1795,Hugh Percy, the 2nd Duke of Northumberland, had become an important local landowner in the region and acquired the rights to the post of constable from the Duke of Cornwall, the then Prince George.

19th–21st centuries

The castle bailey, photographed at the end of the 19th century

In 1834, Western Road was built along the southern edge of the castle. This required the demolition of part of the castle wall and the fortified bridge, and the weakening of the foundations caused the subsequent collapse of the south-eastern tower later that year. The town of Launceston declined in importance in the 19th century and from 1823 onwards the county gaol, which had a reputation for filthy and unhealthy conditions, began to be run down in favour of the facility at Bodmin Gaol. In 1838 the county government and the assizes were moved to Bodmin, which was more centrally located in Cornwall, resulting in the closure of the castle's gaol and its final demolition in 1842.

By now the castle was in disrepair, and the bailey and the earthworks were covered with a combination of pigsties, cabbage gardens and a skittle alley used by a local pub. Local tradition states that the visiting Queen of Portugal, Maria II of Portugal, complained about the condition of the site to Queen Victoria, which resulted in Hugh Percy, the 3rd Duke of Northumberland and the castle's constable, landscaping the area to create a public park between 1840 and 1842 at a cost of £3,000. The south gatehouse was repaired, and the remains of the north gatehouse turned into stables. Hugh sold off his local interests in 1864 and the Northumberlands' control of the post of constable lapsed with the death of his brother Algernon Percy, the 4th duke, the following year. The post lay vacant until in 1883 the local Member of Parliament, Hardinge  Giffard, was appointed as the constable by the then Prince Edward in his capacity as the Duke of Cornwall.

During the later stages of the Second World War, the bailey was levelled and used to hold a set of temporary Nissen huts that formed a hospital for United States Army personnel. In 1945, the site was leased by the Air Ministry for use as offices. The Ministry of Works took over the guardianship of the castle in 1951. The ministry put pressure on the Air Ministry to leave the site, which occurred in 1956; the bailey was then grassed over again. Archaeological excavations were carried out in the bailey between 1961 and 1982, uncovering many of the medieval buildings. 

In the 21st century, Launceston Castle is owned by the duchy of Cornwall and operated by English Heritage; as of 2013, annual visitor numbers averaged between 23,000 and 25,000. The remains are protected under UK law as scheduled monuments and a grade I listed building.

Architecture

Plan of the castle: A - north gatehouse; B - motte, keep and high tower; C - gatehouse and well; D - bailey; E - great hall; F - kitchen and hall; G - south gatehouse and bridge

Launceston Castle is built on a ridge that slopes from the east down to its west, where it meets a sharp incline. To the north, the ground drops away to the River Kensey. The castle comprises a curtain wall enclosing a bailey, with the remains of a north and south gatehouse. The inside of the bailey, 110 by 120 metres (360 by 390ft) across, contains the foundations of various buildings, including the castle's great hall. In the north-east corner is a motte, topped by a keep and the high tower. The majority of the fortifications are built from shale stone, with the detailing carried out in granite and Polyphant stone.

The castle is now entered through the 13th-century southern gatehouse, which faces towards the former deer park. This entrance was once protected by a 14th-century fortified bridge, also called a barbican, but only one set of stone arches remain, showing two surviving arrow slits in arched recesses. The south gatehouse has two drum towers on either side of a gateway, protected by a portcullis, and would have had three floors, linked to a wall walk around the castle. It would originally have been faced with dressed stonework, which has since been removed. The north gatehouse on the opposite site of the bailey originally led into the town of Launceston. The first floor of the building was probably first used as the porter's room, then by the castle's constable, and finally later as a prison.

The rectangular bailey forms a courtyard, the level part of which is called the Castle Green. When first built, the bailey was protected by earth ramparts, until a later stone curtain wall was built around it, protected by at least three mural towers, the foundations of some of which still survive. Much of the wall, including the south-eastern tower–called the Watch or Witch Tower–has been destroyed, although around a stretch 50 metres (160ft) long survives on the south-west side. The foundations of various, mostly 13th-century buildings excavated during the 20th century can be seen within the bailey, including the great hall, 22 by 7 metres (72 by 23ft) across; a long narrow hall, possibly used as a courtroom; and a large kitchen. A Victorian cottage is positioned by the south gatehouse, probably on the site of the earl's hall and chamber.

The castle motte was built up in several stages, originally being lower in height than today, before being built up during the medieval period and scarped by cutting away at the surrounding stone. It was then reinforced in 1700 with the addition of clay, before having large quantities of earth dumped on it in the late 18th century, and then being terraced in the mid-19th century. The motte is separated from the bailey by a ditch, now crossed by a modern bridge. In the 13th century this point was protected by a D-shaped tower, which still survives, located to one side of the gateway.^[85]The causeway steps up to the top of the mound were originally a roofed, stone corridor. There are the foundations of the castle well on the west side of the causeway.

A circular shell keep, 26 metres (85ft) across, was constructed on the motte in the 12th century, complete with a gateway; that was later replaced, and the current entrance dates from the 13th century. Rising up through the keep is the 13th-century high tower, 12 metres (39ft) in diameter, constructed from dark shale. This replaced any internal rooms that the shell keep might have had, instead creating a small, cramped and unlit chamber at the base of the keep. The upper chamber of the high tower was fitted with a large window and a fireplace, overlooking the deer park, and archaeologist Oliver Creighton suggests the tower was intended to be used a "private grandstand", with the parapet below being used for other forms of "lordly display" over the local community. The tower now leans slightly.

The keep appears to lie on the highest ground in the area, although this is actually located to the south, in the deer park. Visitors would have been funnelled around the edge of the park and by the town wall towards the south gate of the castle, a route dominated by the views of the keep and tower. The addition of the high tower had made the castle visible to anyone entering from Devon, framing it strikingly against the hills. The keep, park and town walls probably symbolised Richard's authority as earl, and the historian Andrew Saunders has argued that the keep and high tower were also intended to resemble Richard of Cornwall's crown in his role as the King of the Romans.

Horsebridge is a hamlet in the Sydenham Damerel parish, West Devon district, Devon, England in the Tamar Valley. The village of Horsebridge takes its name from the bridge 'Horse Bridge' and is situated just north (but right next to) the bridge. The village is situated on the east bank of the river Tamar. The river Tamar forms part of the boundary between the counties of Devon and Cornwall. Horsebridge is also a crossing point over the river Tamar. The Royal Inn, a pub in the village, claims that its building was formerly a nunnery.

The Bridge is a traditional stone bridge and was built here in 1437. It is one of the earliest crossing points over the river Tamar. The Bridge was the lowest(most southerly)crossing point across the river Tamar, until another bridge was built in Gunnislake circa 1520. Horsebridge (the two words 'Horse' and 'Bridge' are often combined to be the same as the village name) allowed travellers to cross between the two counties of Devon and Cornwall. The bridge became a Grade I listed monument in 1952, and was reputedly built by French Benedictine monks, who then went on to build the nunnery.

The Tamara Coast to Coast path, an 87 miles (140km) walking/hiking route (which opened in 2023), passes over Horse Bridge (Horsebridge) and through the village of the same name (Stage 4: Gunnislake to Lifton).

The nearest towns are Callington in Cornwall (4 miles) and Tavistock in Devon (5 miles). The bridge sits between the two parishes of Stoke Climsland and Sydenham Damerel.

References

Roman Calstock
A curiosity for the historically inclined – it was always believe that there was really not much Roman presence in Cornwall. But in 2008, an excavation looking for traces of medieval silver mining found instead an enormous first-century Roman fortress near the Church at Calstock. There’s nothing much Roman to see there now, but the church is a pretty spot and you may like to drop by to see if you can spot any legionary ghosts, marching up the hill from the quiet mists of the river Tamar.

The site of Calstock Roman Fort probably dating from the 1st century AD. This is only the third Roman fort to have been found in Cornwall and the first with possible associations with Roman military interests in Cornwall's mineral resources. The site is located on a spur above the river Tamar near to St. Andrew's church in the parish of Calstock, Cornwall. It was found accidently by a team from Exeter University, as part of the larger Bere Ferrers Project, investigating the development of medieval silver mines in this area. A geophysical survey in 2007 revealed the outline of a Roman fort enclosed by two ramparts and two ditches. A number of anomalies were also revealed which may be associated with Roman metalworking. In 2008 a trial trench was excavated on the site which revealed details of the fort's defences. The fort measures circa 170m by 160m, with an internal area of circa 140m by 130m (1.82 hectares). This is much larger than the other two known Roman forts in Cornwall; Nanstallon (Monument Number 431370) and Restormel (Monument Number 432777). Two ramparts and ditches were uncovered. The outer rampart is approximately five metres wide and is constructed of clay and shillet from the digging of the ditches. The sides of the rampart were held together with timbers on both faces. Two ditches were uncovered between the inner and outer rampart with characteristic v-shaped profiles and square-cut bases which is typical of Roman military sites. They were 2.8m deep and approximately 3.5m wide. The outer rampart was also approximately five metres wide and the investigations show that it was capped with large sandstone rubble on the western and southern sides of the fort. Just outside this rampart a stone-lined furnace structure was excavated. Finds from it included Roman pottery, fragments of furnace lining and some ore and slag which suggest that Roman metalworking was taking place in the 1st century AD. A track leading into the fort was also identified.

Trethevy Quoit
OS grid ref:- SX 259 688
Imposing Trethevy Quoit, situated near to the village of St. Cleer on the south eastern edge of Bodmin Moor, is one of the best known of Cornwall's prehistoric monuments and is remarkably well preserved.
Also known locally as the Giant's House or King Arthur's Quoit, the monument measures over 15 feet high (4.6 Metres). The Quoit stands in a field at the back of some cottages.
The megalithic chamber, the largest in the country, sits on a mound which it is thought covered the lower part of the stones, acting as a ramp to aid access to the chamber during burials. It consists of six upright slabs of about three metres high (10 feet) which support a capstone measuring 3.7metres (12 feet) long. The rectangular chamber measures 2 x 1.5 metres.
A small portion of the front entrance stone is missing, it has been theorised that this was cut to provide an entrance into the chamber. A natural hole exists at its highest point.
The function of this hole remains an enigma, although there is speculation that it was used for astronomical observations. The chamber was used as a tomb between 1,800 and 1,200B.C. The western stone collapsed before 1850.
Directions
To reach Trethevy Quoit take the road South West to St Cleer from the Minions, passing a Cornish cross on the left and approximately one mile later take the road on the left to Darite. The site is signposted and a small parking area is provided. There is free access at all times.

Prehistoric Sites in Cornwall
Lanyon Quoit
Zennor Quoit

Nanstallon Roman Fort is thought to have been occupied from AD 65 to AD 79. It now remains as earthworks. The Roman military character of the earthwork on Tregear Farm was established in excavations between 1965 and 1969. This had been recognised in the 19th century from the many Roman objects of first century date ploughed up over many generations and listed by Iago. In the mid 19th century, the site was described as having very wide double ramparts which were gradually destroyed for field dressing and the eastern side ploughed out. Excavations have provided evidence for a 2.2 acre fort with turf revetted ramparts, timber angle towers, metalled roads and double gates. It is thought to have been too small to accommodate a complete auxiliary unit. It probably housed a detachment responsible for the supervision of lead and silver extraction. The principia was of unusual plan, very wide in proportion to its depth. Long halls were present on either side of the courtyard and a recessed entrance and portico were present at the front of the building. The Barrack blocks were rectangular in plan with no projecting officers' quarters or verandahs. There were larger rooms present at the end of each block.The compound adjoining the praetorum was defined by a timber fence. The yard was lightly metalled with post holes suggesting the presence of lean to sheds. One possible function of the compound was that of an ablutions block. This fort is only one area of three examples to have a double portal gate. The other examples include Baginton (Neronian in date) and Brough on Humber (Early Flavian). The dating evidence from coins and pottery suggests that Nanstallon Roman Fort was constructed late in the reign of Nero, certainly after AD 64, and withdrawal occurred during the reign of Vespasian (69-79) or very soon afterwards. The finds from the site have been donated to Truro Museum. In addition, flints found in the excavation are thought to date to the Neolithic or later.

Location

The building or site itself may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.

District:Cornwall (Unitary Authority)

Parish:St. Ive and Pensilva

National Grid Reference:SX 34330 67384

Reasons for Designation

Slight univallate hillforts are defined as enclosures of various shapes, generally between 1ha and 10ha in size, situated on or close to hilltops and defined by a single line of earthworks, the scale of which is relatively small. They date to between the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (eighth - fifth centuries BC), the majority being used for 150 to 200 years prior to their abandonment or reconstruction. Slight univallate hillforts have generally been interpreted as stock enclosures, redistribution centres, places of refuge and permanent settlements. The earthworks generally include a rampart, narrow level berm, external ditch and counterscarp bank, while access to the interior is usually provided by two entrances comprising either simple gaps in the earthwork or an inturned rampart. Postholes revealed by excavation indicate the occasional presence of portal gateways while more elaborate features like overlapping ramparts and outworks are limited to only a few examples. Internal features included timber or stone round houses; large storage pits and hearths; scattered postholes, stakeholes and gullies; and square or rectangular buildings supported by four to six posts, often represented by postholes, and interpreted as raised granaries. Slight univallate hillforts are rare with around 150 examples recorded nationally. They are important for understanding the transition between Bronze Age and Iron Age communities. The slight univallate hillfort called Cadson Bury survives well and will contain archaeological and environmental evidence relating to its construction, function, social organisation, territorial significance, trade, agricultural practices, domestic arrangements and overall landscape context.

Details

The monument includes a slight univallate hillfort, situated at and enclosing the summit of a prominent and very steep sided hill called Cadson Bury Down, overlooking the valley of the River Lynher. The hillfort survives as an oval enclosure measuring approximately 275m long by 170m wide internally defined by a single rampart of up to 2m high internally with outer ditch of up to 1.3m deep. The interior of the hillfort is largely level and occupies a commanding defensive position. There are two inturned entrances to the east and west and a southern staggered breach may also be an original third entrance. Cadsonbury was first recorded in the 13th century, and its earliest depiction was on Martyn's map of 1748. It was described by Lysons in 1814.

Sources: HER:- PastScape Monument No:-436704

THE IRISH AND CARLYON
The place name Cell iwic occurs not only in the Arthurian legend but also, as the variant Caellwig in later Cornish history and is therefore certainly an area of the county and probably one of the Moorland. Although its site is in dispute, the signs are that It will eventually be permitted to settle where it already hovers between the hill forts of Killybury and Canyke-by-Callywith, that is in the Camel Valley. And this could be to the dismay of sceptics for Camlan also seems to fit this district. Charters clearly demonstrate that the present misnomer A| len, by which the Rivoi Camel's tributary is known instead of by its correct name Laine, originally applied to the Camel itself and was accurately rendered ALAN . As this River Alan or Camel twisted and turned, the Cornish epithet 'cam' meaning 'crooked' apparently prefixed not only the word 'heyle' meaning 'estuary' but also on occasion the name Alan. Thus, it would seem that the present name Camel is a corruption of one or both of the Cornish names for this river - Camheyle and CAM ALAN. ° It might therefore be interesting to seek the required conditions in the Camel Valley. Of six known stones in Cornwall which are inscribed in the Irish script copiprising unconnected strokes and called Ogham, five are on Bodmin Moor and three of these in the Camel area. Should the sixth seem curiously remote from the others at Truro, we may be forgiven for remembering that one of Arthur's reputed battle sites was on the 'River Treuroit . However and regarding names on the three Camel Ogham stones, that at St.Endellion-which also bears the early Christian Chi Rho symbol, 'X P‘,the first two letters of the Greek word for Christ - commemorates 'Brocagnus', identified^with the Irishman Brychan who arrived in Cornwall via Wales. Both names on the WorthyvaleOgham stone are Roman as is the one on the St. Kew memorial . x  An Irish incursion is certainly evident as is also a lingering Roman usage. The latter is hardly surprising in an area where Roman road stones at Boscastle and Tintagell and a 'camp of the legion' at Tregear have been found. Moreover, even AFTER the Roman cavalry station at Nanstallon meaning 'Vale of Alan' was abandoned, it is apparent that agents of Rome used the most accessible route to and from England across this north coast district at least as late as the fourth century when the Tintagel stone was inscribed. Ami,
as some 300 years of contact with Roman custom appears to have influenced the local

CORNWALL
For the group of miners whom Stevenson encountered , the process of partial absorption or assimilation had not even begun. It was perfectly natural, in this period of transition in particular, that they should keep together; for they had much in common, and not least the calling which they and their ancestors had followed for centuries. A pity that R.L.S. could not have overheard the talk among those up rooted men instead of having had to make a guess about its nature. More than likely it consisted not at all of “the secrets of their old-world mysterious race”—unless these be construed as the technicalities and adventures of tin and copper mining—but of simple and wistful evocations of the Cornish scene, which had become for them a precious memory since they had seen through the darkness far astern the last faint gleam of the Lizard light.
The fact remains that Stevenson was not favourably impressed. “Lady Hester Stanhope,” he wrote, “believed that she could make something great of the Cornish; for my part , I can make nothing of them at all. A division of races, older and more original than that of Babel, keeps this close, esoteric family apart from neighbouring Englishmen. Not even a Red Indian seems more foreign in my eyes. This is one of the lessons of travel—that some of the strangest races dwell next door to you at home . ”So far as I know , Stevenson was the only man of his times, Or any other, to have left on record a flat confession of failure to make anything at all of the Cornish; and I cannot help thinking that the Cornish may have been less responsible for Stevenson’s failure than he was himself, with his preconceived notion of race division—real enough in its way, it is
true, but easily bridged by a person with that imaginative sympathy which is among the predominant characteristics of the Keltic peoples and which, in much of his writing ,Stevenson displayed.
A very different impression might have been left upon R.L.S. if his contacts with Cornish miners had been in circumstances which brought out their real qualities; if, for example, he had sailed fifty years earlier from Falmouth in the brig Cambria and had had as fellow-passengers Cornish miners bound for the Mexican mines. On a boisterous March
209

from Highways and biways 1907

CH . X IV FOWEY 237

I said in my last chapter that all the greatest sea traditions of Cornwall are locked up in Fowey. I might have gone somewhat further; for indeed there was a time when this Cornish harbour led the kingdom in matters of seamanship, and not London, nor Plymouth, nor Dartmouth, nor even Yarmouth, nor any one among the privileged Cinque Ports could furnish such a gallant fleet or sailors so well used to speak with England’s enemies in the gate. For the town sent to the fleet which Edward III. collected for the siege of Calais the majestic contribution of forty-seven ships and no less than 770 men. Yarmouth sent forty-three, Dartmouth thirty-two, London twentyfive. No other port than Yarmouth approached the Cornish contribution. This is quite enough to show that in the past history of Fowey there lies some story well worth telling, some long
maturing greatness, some steady growth fostered by wise counsels and guided by the hands of prudent governors. Consider what is involved in the capacity to furnish and equip so large a fleet. Grant that they were not all Fowey ships, which is likely enough, for Fowey may have been in some degree a rendezvous for the adjoining coast. Yet making all deductions, enough remains to show that Fowey was a great and mighty town, far different relatively to the rest of England from its present lowly condition. And what was it then that checked the growth of a town so splendid, and thrust it back on insignificance ? Why, very largely the weak or timid counsels of an
English king, who broke the strongest weapon he possessed, and tossed away the splinters chiefly to gratify a foreign sovereign.
But before entering on this story look round Fowey, and see what manner of place it is. Fowey. The first thing which strikes a stranger coming to Fowey from the east is its singular similarity to Dartmouth. Here is the same deep harbour, fenced round by lofty h ills; the same narrow entrance guarded by twin towers, and once closed nightly by a chain ; the same winding river, flowing down a channel no less lovely than the Dart, from a town as beautiful and ancient as Totnes; the same little rival town on the hillside across the

could have been a memorial stone to either 'Cnegumus son of Genaius' or 'Genaius son of Cnegumus'.AntiquitiesEvidence of early medieval habitation at Mawgan is in the form of an inscribed pillar stone, located at the meeting of three roads at the center of the village; it bears an inscription that is no longer readable, but based on an old drawing and a photograph taken in 1936 it could have been a memorial stone to either 'Cnegumus son of Genaius' or 'Genaius son of Cnegumus'. The date of this inscription is not certain beyond having been carved before the twelfth century.At Trelowarren is the estate of the Vyvyan family who have owned it since 1427. The Halliggye Fogou at Trelowarren is the largest in Cornwall. Trelowarren House has a complex building history: the original house is mid 15th century and there are later parts dated 1662, 1698 and ca. 1750 (further additions were made during the 19th century)

Definition of medieval

The adjective medieval literally means “of the Middle Ages,” i.e., the period between antiquity (the Roman world) and the early modern era 

Common chronological range

Historians most often treat the Middle Ages as roughly the 5th century to the 15th century: from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire (commonly dated 476) up to the Renaissance and early modern transitions around 1400–1500 

Standard subperiods and their usual dates

• Early Middle Ages: about 500–1000.
• High Middle Ages: about 1000–1300.
• Late Middle Ages: about 1300–1500.
  These are conventional labels; exact boundaries vary by region and by the historian’s focus 

What authors usually mean when they write “medieval”

• Broad cultural sense: the social, political, religious, and material world shaped by feudal institutions, Christendom, and post‑Roman societies in Europe between Late Antiquity and the Renaissance 
• In specialised works an author may narrow the term (for example, “medieval urban law” might mean 1100–1400), so check the author’s period definition in introductions or captions 

Origin and first use of the word

The English term derives from Latin medium aevum “middle age.” The modern English adjective (often spelled mediaeval earlier) was coined in the 19th century from that Latin phrase; recorded modern forms date from the early 1800s (commonly cited 1825 for the form medieval/mediaeval) 

Quick guidance for reading historical scripts

When you encounter “medieval” in a text, assume 5th–15th centuries unless the author states otherwise; for precise work always look for the author’s explicit chronological scope because usages and boundary years differ by topic and region 

Bronze Age time boundaries overview

The Bronze Age is a cultural-technical phase defined by the pervasive use of bronze (an alloy of copper with tin or arsenic), alongside associated changes in technology, trade, burial practice, and social organisation. Its absolute dates vary widely by region because metallurgy and associated cultural changes spread at different times. Below are commonly used regional ranges and practical guidance for tagging or labelling gazetteer entries.

Common regional date ranges

• Near East and Anatolia
  Early Bronze Age: c. 3300–2100 BCE; Middle Bronze Age: c. 2100–1600 BCE; Late Bronze Age: c. 1600–1200 BCE.
• Aegean (Greece and Cyclades)
  Early Bronze Age: c. 3000–2000 BCE; Middle Bronze Age: c. 2000–1600 BCE; Late Bronze Age: c. 1600–1100 BCE.
• Central and Western Europe
  Broad Bronze Age: c. 2300–800 BCE; subdivided (Early/Middle/Late) roughly as Early c. 2300–1500 BCE, Middle c. 1500–1200 BCE, Late c. 1200–800 BCE.
• British Isles (including Devon and Cornwall)
  Broad Bronze Age: c. 2500–800 BCE; Early Bronze Age often starts c. 2500–2000 BCE (after Late Neolithic/Beaker horizons), Late Bronze Age ends c. 800 BCE.
• South Asia (Indian subcontinent)
  Indus-related Bronze Age/Harappan: c. 3300–1300 BCE (mature Harappan c. 2600–1900 BCE); local Bronze-using traditions continue and overlap with early Iron use.
• East Asia
  Bronze Age in China: roughly c. 2000–771 BCE (Xia-Shang-Zhou sequences; Shang c. 1600–1046 BCE is strongly bronze-rich).
• The Americas and parts of Sub-Saharan Africa
  No true widespread Bronze Age phase comparable to Old World sequences; metallurgy often appears much later and in different forms.

Practical guidance for mapping and gazetteer work

• Use region-specific ranges rather than a single global boundary.
• For ambiguous or single-site reports, prefer relative labels: Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, or Bronze Age (broad)with a numeric range (e.g., Bronze Age c. 2500–800 BCE).
• Where chronology is uncertain, record both: cultural label(Bronze Age) and confidence/precision(e.g., high if radiocarbon dated; low if typological only).
• Include key local markers in metadata: metallurgy present; Beaker/urnfield/bronze-ritual features; radiocarbon dates range; typology links.
• Allow fields for overlapping phases (e.g., “Late Neolithic / Early Bronze Age transitional”) and for caveats like reuse or later disturbance.

Why ranges differ and how to communicate that

• Start and end dates depend on: first local alloy production; availability of tin or copper sources and trade; cultural adoption of bronze technologies; and the arrival of ironworking.
• Use wording that communicates variability: “Bronze Age (regional: c. 2500–800 BCE)”or “Bronze Age — British Isles convention: c. 2500–800 BCE”.
• When precision matters, attach dating evidence: radiocarbon ranges, stratigraphic context, or diagnostic artefact types.

Short recommended labels for database fields

• Period label: Bronze Age
• Region qualifier: e.g., British Isles
• Numeric range: e.g., c. 2500–800 BCE
• Subdivision: Early / Middle / Late (if known)
• Dating confidence: High / Medium / Low
• Dating evidence: Radiocarbon; typology; stratigraphy; historical reference