Fawye rises  in Fawy moors , at a place called Fawy Well,  in the Fawy River , parish of Altarnun , not far from  Brownwilly , one of the highest mountains in Cornwall . 

The higher part of this river is also called Draines, and the first bridge upon it is by Leland he called Draines Bridge ;

after which passing three other bridges', and having taken into its stream the rivulets of St. Neot’s , Warlegan , and Cardinham parishes , it comes to Resprin , alias Laprin Bridge, whence, in about three miles, it reaches the borough of Lostwythyel, where it passes a fair stone bridge of nine arches, of which the water at present only useth three.  In former ages the sea ebbed and flowed above this town , and Camden says brought up vessels of good burden : at present loaden barges scarce come within a mile of it.

In three miles more the Fawy, having taken Pellyn Brook from the West, receives the water of Leryn River and Creek from the East, and becomes thence a deep and wide haven : in two miles more it reaches the town and borough of Fawy on the western bank ; and a little below, being joined by Polruan creek and brook from the East, opens into the Sea, after a run of twenty- six miles, betwixt two old towers built in the reign of Edward IV  from which there formerly ftretched a chain for the defence of the harbour. This is thought the largeft body of fresh water, except the Tamar, in all this county.

A part from some flat graves which are outside the scope of this work, the funerary monuments comprise round barrows and cairns.

These normally cover individual interments, sometimes only one but moreusually with broadly contem porary and later interm ents suggesting family sepulchres extending over two or more generations, and in and around Wessex sometimes with secondary cremations with or without Deverel Rimbury urns.

The number of surviving round barrows of this period in England and Wales is probably between thirty thousand and forty thousand and only
the main groups and examples can here be described.

Emphasis is on accessible sites with significant visible features.

Bodmin Moor and surroundings
The personal choice of the author would be to proceed from Polperro northwards and visit the Pelynt group, a nucleated cemetery of about ten barrows, one of which is thought to have yielded the bronze sword-hilt of Aegean type, then continue along the B3359 to where it meets the A390 from Lostwithiel and visit the fine linear group on the Taphouse Ridge between Bodmin Road station and West Taphouse.

Then continue along the A390 to Liskeard and proceed north to Minions and visit the barrow near Rilluton, some 36 m (118 ft) in diameter and 2.5 m (8 ft) high, in the east margin of which is still the stone-lined grave  in which the famous gold cup ,originally in an earthen vessel and grooved bronze dagger and other objects were found accompanying an extended male? skeleton. 

These were found in 1818 and the gold cup and dagger are in the British Museum.

The east and north fringes of Bodmin Moor can then be skirted and just before reaching Camelford there is the Advent triple
barrow on the north side of a by-road.

It is one of only three triple barrows known, the others being on Amesbury Down Wiltshire and Crooksbury

Liskeard

Cornish:Lyskerrys

Liskeard i/lɪsˈkɑːrd/[1] (Cornish: Lyskerrys[2]) is an ancientstannaryand market town and civil parish in south east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.[3]

Liskeard is situated approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Plymouth, 14 miles (23 km) west of the River Tamar and the border with Devon, and 12 miles (20 km) east of Bodmin. The town is at the head of the Looe valley in the ancient hundred of West Wivelshire and has a population of 9,417.[4] Liskeard was the base of the former Caradon District Council and it still has a town council. There are 3 wards in Liskeard (including Dobwalls). The total population at the 2011 census was 11,366[5][6][7]

The place name element Lis, along with ancient privileges accorded the town, indicates that the settlement was once a high status 'court'. A Norman castle was built here after the Conquest, which eventually fell into disuse in the later Middle Ages. By 1538 when visited by John Leland only a few insignificant remains were to be seen.[8] Sir Richard Carew writing in 1602 concurred;

“ Of later times, the Castle serued the Earle of Cornwall for one of his houses; but now, that later is worm-eaten out of date and vse. Coynages, Fayres, and markets, (as vitall spirits in a decayed bodie) keepe the inner partes of the towne aliue, while the ruyned skirtes accuse the iniurie of time, and the neglect of industrie.[9] ”

Liskeard was one of the 17 Antiqua maneria of the Duchy of Cornwall.[10] The market charter was granted by Richard, Earl of Cornwall (brother of Henry III) in 1240. Since then, it has been an important centre for agriculture. The seal of the borough of Liskeard was Ar. a fleur-de-lis and perched thereon and respecting each other two birds in chief two annulets and in flank two feathers.[11]

When Wilkie Collins wrote of his visit to the town in his Rambles Beyond Railways he had a low opinion of it: "that abomination of desolation, a large agricultural country town".[12] The town went through a period of economic prosperity during the pre-20th century boom in tin mining, becoming a key centre in the industry as a location for a stannary and coinage.

Liskeard is one of the few towns in Cornwall still to have a regular livestock market, every other Tuesday. There is a range of restaurants, cafes and pubs in the town, and some shops retain their Victorian shopfronts and interiors.

Liskeard puts on a pantomime in the last week of January and holds a carnival every June. Every July, Liskeard holds a large agricultural show, The Liskeard Show, which is always held on the second Saturday in July.[13] St Matthew's Fair was originally established by charter in 1266, the fair was re-established in 1976 which runs in September/October.[14] Every December, there is street entertainment and a lantern parade for 'Liskeard Lights Up', when the Christmas lights are switched on.

Liskeard and District in the 1920s

Bodmin Moor lies to the northwest of the town. The A38 trunk road used to pass through the town centre but a dual carriageway bypass now carries traffic south of the town leaving the town centre accessible but with low traffic levels. Liskeard is one of the gateway towns for Bodmin Moor.

Stuart House

The town boasts St. Martin's, the second largest parish church in Cornwall [16] Built on the site of the former Norman church, the oldest parts of the current structure date back to the 15th century. Other places of worship include a Roman Catholic church and Methodist chapels.[17]

The Foresters Hall now houses the Tourist Information Office and Liskeard & District Museum. The Foresters still meet in the town at the Public Rooms in West Street.[18]

Stuart House (on the Parade) was used by Charles I as a lodging in 1644, when his forces were chasing the Parliamentarians.[19] Restored, it is now used as a community building for arts, heritage and community events

Luxstowe House (1831). Designed by George Wightwick for William Glencross.

The Guildhall was built in 1859 and has a prominent clock tower.

The Public Hall was constructed in 1890.

Webb's House (formerly Webb's Hotel) is a classic early Victorian market-town hotel featuring in royal visits, parliamentary declarations and much more but recently converted into flats and is the home of the local newspaper The Cornish Times.

Pencubitt House was built in 1897 for J. H. Blamey, a wealthy wool merchant. The house was designed by local architect John Sansom, responsible for many Liskeard homes of that period.[20]

The Liskeard Union Workhouse, architect John Foulston of Plymouth (later the Lamellion Hospital).

For further details of the parliamentary history of the town see Liskeard (UK Parliament constituency)

In the year 1294, Liskeard began to send two members to Parliament, but this was reduced to one by the 1832 Reform Act. The MPs have included Edward Gibbon, author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and Isaac Foot.[21]

Liskeard is now part of the South East Cornwall constituency, and is represented by Conservative Sheryll Murray.

The first school in Liskeard was founded in 1550 on Castle Hill. For a time it was maintained by the Earls of St Germans, but it closed around 1834 due to a decline in numbers and financial difficulties. From 1835 a series of private schools existed in the borough, until 1908 when Cornwall Education Committee built the County School at Old Road. From 1945 it was known as Liskeard Grammar School until September 1978 when it became the Lower School site of Liskeard School, following amalgamation with the town's secondary modern school.[22]

Liskeard County Secondary School received its first pupils on Monday 12 September 1960, and was formally opened by the Minister of Education, Sir David Eccles on 7 July the following year.[23] Costing £100,000, it was built to accommodate around 500 pupils on the site of the current school at Luxtowe. Its glass and steel structure made "free use of fresh air and sunlight" according to local newspaper reports, whilst other modern features included a well-equipped gymnasium, automated central heating and synchronised clocks across the school, operated from the secretary's office.[24] A new block was opened by the Right Honourable Margaret Thatcher, Secretary of State for Education and Science in 1974, following the raising of the school leaving age from 15 years to 16, two years earlier.[25] Like many similar secondary schools in Cornwall, from the late 1970s it housed the Upper School (3rd Year / Year 9 upwards), when it merged with the town's grammar school to create a split-site comprehensive school.[26]

Twenty years later, with increased pupil numbers requiring many to be taught in temporary buildings, the need for improvements to Liskeard's secondary and primary schools was being raised in Parliament.[27] By the late 1990s, Liskeard School and Community College had been extended at Luxstowe, and the Old Road site closed and redeveloped for housing. Further multimillion-pound science and technology facilities were added in 2002, and the original 1960s and 1970s buildings were completely modernised by 2011. As Cornwall's only school with an engineering speciality,[28] it now caters for approximately 1300 students aged between 11 and 19, and employs around 200 teaching and non-teaching, full-and part-time staff. It also has a creche, a teenage advice and information service, a centre for children with autism, and facilities at Moorswater where some engineering-based courses are taught.[29]

There are two primary schools in Liskeard: St Martin's Church of England (Voluntary Aided) School in Lake Lane and Hillfort Primary School on Old Road. The latter was opened in September 2006 following the renaming of Liskeard Junior School after its merger with Liskeard Infant School.[30]

Caradon Short Stay School (previously known as a Pupil Referral Unit) is located in West Street, on the site of the former Liskeard Infant School. It provides education for students aged 11–16 from across south east Cornwall who are unable to attend a mainstream school or special school. The nearest independent schools are in Plymouth and Tavistock, Devon.

Liskeard railway station, on the London Paddington to Penzance Cornish Main Line, and the A38 trunk road provide the town with rapid access to Plymouth, the rest of Cornwall and the motorway network. The town is also served by the Looe Valley branch line to Looe. There are regular bus services to various parts of Cornwall.

There is a leisure centre at Lux Park on the north side of the town: there is a bowling club on the southern side. The town has a Non-League football club Liskeard Athletic F.C. who play at Lux park. The town also has a rugby and cricket club who are both well-supported. The town has a King George V Playing Field. Live music and various theatrical events frequently take place in the unusual but acoustically good Carnglaze Caverns just to the north.

Leisure trails[edit]

There are three trails, each has its own blue commemorative plaque (these were unveiled by former town mayor, Sandra Preston).

Footpath from the town to the railway station: the path was built by Thomas Lang, who was a former mayor, in 1890.

Trail around the north of the town centre, including the Parade and the ornamental fountain. The fountain was given to the town by Michael Loam, whose father (also called Michael Loam) invented the Man engine (a device for lifting men up and down mineshafts, and used in many mines throughout Cornwall & West Devon).

Trail around the southern part of the town, commemorating Lt. Lapenotière, who brought back the news of the Battle of Trafalgar to England. For this Lt. Lapenotière was given a silver spice sprinkler by King George III. The sprinkler is still owned by the mayor's office, and is exhibited occasionally.

Freemasonry

Liskeard has a sizeable Masonic presence with no fewer than eight Masonic bodies meeting at the Masonic Hall on The Parade,[31]

St Martin's Lodge No. 510 Date of Warrant, 5 March 1845

St Martin's Royal Arch Chapter No. 510 Consecrated on 1 August 1865

St Martin's Lodge of Mark Master Masons No. 379 Consecrated on 26 January 1888

St Martin's Lodge of Royal Ark Mariners No. 379 Consecrated 1 June 1933

Duchy Chapter of the Ancient & Accepted Rite of the Rose Croix of Heredom No. 289 Warranted on 10 December 1931

Duchy Conclave of the Order of the Secret Monitor No. 260 Consecrated on 8 April 1975

St Martin's Chapel No.27 of the Commemorative Order of St Thomas of Acon, Consecrated in 1998

St Germans Court No. 97 of the Masonic Order of Athelstan, Consecrated in 2014

In addition to the UGLE lodges, there is also a women's lodge that meets in the Masonic Hall.

Lostwithielthe Old CornishLost Gwydhyel meaning "tail-end of the woodland".

The view from Restormel Castle looking towards the town shows how this may have come to be.

Lostwithiel is a historic borough.The Lostwithiel constituency elected two members to the Unreformed House of Commons, but was disenfranchised by the Reform Act 1832. It remained a municipal borough until the 1960s, when it became a civil parish.

The seal of the borough of Lostwithiel was a shield charged with a castle rising from water between two thistles, in the water two fish, with the legend "Sigillum burgi de Lostwithyel et Penknight in Cornubia"

Its mayoral regalia includes a silver oar, signifying its former jurisdiction over the River Fowey.

The origin of the name Lostwithiel is a subject much debated.

In the 16th century it was thought that the name came from the Roman name Uzella, translated as Les Uchel in Cornish. In the 17th century popular opinion was that the name came from a translation of Lost (a tail) and Withiel (a lion), the lion in question being the lord who lived in the castle.

Current thinking is that the name comes from the Old Cornish Lost Gwydhyel meaning "tail-end of the woodland".The view from Restormel Castle looking towards the town shows how this may have come to be.

Lostwithiel is a historic borough. The Lostwithiel constituency elected two members to the Unreformed House of Commons, but was disenfranchised by the Reform Act 1832. It remained a municipal borough until the 1960s, when it became a civil parish.The seal of the borough of Lostwithiel was a shield charged with a castle rising from water between two thistles, in the water two fish, with the legend "Sigillum burgi de Lostwithyel et Penknight in Cornubia". Its mayoral regalia includes a silver oar, signifying its former jurisdiction over the River Fowey.

Arthurian legend, Gorlois Welsh: Gwrlais of Tintagel, Duke of Cornwall, is the husband of Igraine prior to Uther Pendragon. He is the father of Morgan le Fay, Morgause, and Elaine.Gorlois' name first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136),[1] in which Uther falls in love with Igraine and wars with Gorlois to get to her. Uther asks for Merlin's aid in pursuing her, and Merlin concocts some drugs that disguise Uther in the form of Gorlois. As Gorlois, he approaches his love easily and they sleep together, conceiving Arthur. Unbeknownst to either of them, the real Gorlois has been killed in his castle that very night. Eventually Igraine is convinced to marry Uther.Later treatments such as the Vulgate Cycle and Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur expand on this outline by having Gorlois' daughters married off to Uther's vassals; Elaine to King Nentres of Garlot, Morgause to King Lot of Orkney, and (after receiving an education in a convent) Morgan to King Urien. Arthur is spared any knowledge of this when he is whisked away by Merlin to be raised by Sir Ector.

Castle Dore
About six miles north of Fowey not far off the road to Lostwithiel is castle Dore. We had some difficulty finding this Iron Age hill fort
until a friendly farmer came along and gave us directions. 'I’here is nothing dramatic about Castle Dore: its grandeur has lung since settled back into sleep under the ever-changing Cornish mIi it's. All that remains is a huge rough circle of banks and ditches — a place where sheep graze or take shelter from the wind.

Hut what is exciting about Castle Dore is that when it was excavated in the 1930s it was discovered that the fort had been reni mpied in the Dark Ages, the time of King Arthur. Was this then
l lie legendary Palace of King Mark? Many post holes of this period were uncovered, and there is thought to have been a great hall, ninety feet long, aisled and imposing. All round the site were
dwellings, stables and storerooms of Celtic chieftains who ruled there Other than the post holes the archaeologists found no more than a few handfuls of beads of that period. Time had eroded all
other evidence of those who had once lived there in the time of .
There is a sense of peace and romance about Castle Dore which makes it. easy to accept the legend of the tragic lovers, Tristram and Iscull , who, it is believed, once lived there. Castle Dore, the old
el in y tells us, was the home of King Mark of Cornwall, the uncle of TiIniinn and the husband of Iseult.
It was to Castle Dore that Tristram escorted from Ireland the young and beautiful Iseult to be his uncle’s bride. But on the|nm iicy Tristram and Iseult drank the love potion intended for her mill King Mark on their wedding night. In so doing they were bound In cm i lasting love. They kept their love a secret from the King until an enemy of Tristram within the court betrayed him. Tristram fled and took refuge from Mark’s anger by hiding in the dense forest

HISTORY OF TEMPLE CHURCH, NEAR BODMIN,CORNWALL.

BUILT BY THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR.

BY

J .R .BROWN

.Rector of Helland with Temple ,now Rector of Lyons, Netton in Hole, Durham).

With Illustrations by the Rev. W . Jago , Chaplain of the Asylum , Bodmin

FOURTH EDITION .—PRICE SIXPENCE .

1905.

Used by locals regularly for worship and prayer, visited by hundreds every year, surrounded by rolling moorland, Temple Church is a special place. As you will discover from this little book, reprinted from an original of the late C 19 , temple has an interesting history, in collaboration, the Rev. J.R . Brown , Rector of Helland & Temple and the Rev. W. Jago ,Chaplain of the Asylum , Bodmin produced the original book to mark the restoration of the church. It is now more than a hundred years since that restoration and these days it is as much a place o| pilgrimage as it was in the days of the Templars. It represents both |or locals and visitors a point in their spiritual journey. Every month a service is held in the late afternoon, always m o p.m. C M 'I (4 30 p.m. B ST !). Every day the church is visited if not by humans then by bats, birds and sometimes sheep, if the

gate is inadvertently left open. The door is never locked. Temple is a living church, part of the little settlement of Temple. It was a larger place at one time, now it has 26 souls. We who live nearby love our church and love people to visit. We arc proud of our living church surrounded by a " living churchyard ", an attempt to preserve flora and fauna native to the moors.

There is simplicity about the church in its moorland setting,

a reminder of the simple origins of Christianity. Especially

at Christmas ride many have testified to rediscovering this simplicity. Journeying to this remote comer of Bodmin Moor, finding a candlelit place, hearing the .singing of carols, one indeed feels that one is entering the Christmas

Stable for the first time. You are, of course, welcome to visit any time 14 hour opening, 365 days of the year! And animals are welcome. Our average attendance or worship is about 10 humans, 1 dogs

and a cat !

So make sure you come and visit this special place and we would love to see you at one our services.

November 1002

DEREK CARRIVICK

Priest-in Charge, Temple

PREFACE.

on issuing a reprint of the History of Temple Church, it has been thought advisable that the present Vicar should write a few words by way of preface, continuing the History to the present time. On the resignation of the Rev. J. K. Brown in 1890, Temple was taken over by his successor, the Rev. K. G. Hutt, but only for a short period, when it was transferred to the Rev. C. OLIVE, Curate in charge of Warleggan, till the year 1893, when the Rev. E. VERNON COLLNS, Rector of Rlislanri,

undertook the duties for the space of two years. At the end of that time, it was again transferred to Warleggan, and the

Incumbency was accepted by the Rev. C. E. Lambert, who

held it till his death in January. 1901.

Mr. Lam.ber t ’s death, which took place under sad circumstances, will ever be associated with Temple. After officiating at Evensong on Sunday, January 13th, 1901, Mr Lambert started to walk home to Warleggan. When he had proceeded only a short distance, he was overcome by some sudden seizure, and fell dead. Although only about half-a mile from the Church, h e was, w hen he died, on an unfrequented path and hidden from the view of the neighbouring houses; and thus his body remained for three days undiscovered. It is worthy of note that during the whole of that time, his dog, an Irish terrier, remained by his dead master. Mr. Lambert was buried in Temple Churchyard, and his grave is marked by a granite Cross. Since then the parish of Temple has passed with the parish of Bolventor; and the writer of this preface has now served it for over four years.

PREFACE.

The last event of interest connected with the parish is the presentation, by Dr. T. G. Vawdrey, a native of the County, of a stained-glass Window for the Tower. This completes the windows of the Tower. too of them represent St. Catherine, and a Knight Templar, respectively ; and the subject of the third, agreed upon by Dr. Vawdrey and the Vicar . is "Luke, the beloved Physician,” the choice of this subject being prompted by the tradition that the Knights Templar had a Chapel dedicated to St. LUKE, in the neighbouring parish of Bolventor. The ancient stones, some having formed part of the old Church and others haring been monuments in the Graveyard, are now placed against the Churchyard wall, opposite the South Porch; and amongst them will be found much to interest the archaeologist. In closing this preface, the VICAR must mention that it is

largely through the kind help of Dr. T. G. VAWDREY that this reprint has become possible, and that the money arising from its sale will be devoted to the maintenance of the Church.

June. 1905.

J. H. DICKINSON.

Vicar o f Temple

tom jilar.

C

THE Knights Templar were a religious military Order, founded at Jerusalem in the year 1118. This Order, the first military one in the world, was formed on the instigation of Hugh de Pagans and Godfrey de St Homer, who, with several other pious and noble men, offered their services to Baldwin King of Jerusalem, to defend all persons, pilgrims and strangers, travelling thither to the Holy Sepulchre, from robbery and violence. Their vows were chastity, obedience, and poverty, and at first these were strictly carried out. They professed t0 observe the rules of St. Augustine, and were so poor that they represented themselves as having only one horse to carry two or three knights, and their seal was “two men on one horse." Baldwin bestowed on them an apartment in his Palace, adjacent to the holy Temple; hence they were called “Knights Templar." Afterwards, the Canons of the Temple gave them a piece of ground on which to build; and the King, Inrds, and Prelates gave them moneys out of their own revenues. Their rules now stated that they were to guard the highway against robbers, to hear the Holy Office every day, or, if prevented so doing by their military duties, to say a certain number of Paternosters instead. They were to abstain from flesh four days a week, and on Friday from eggs and milk meats. Each knight should have three horses and one esquire, but should neither hunt nor fowl. The dress prescribed for them by Pope Honorious, who confirmed their Order, was plain white, to which Eugenius 111 added a red Cross on the breast. In a short time, they increased to 300 knights, besides a considerable number of brethren. They seem to have gained very early settlements in England, as in other kingdoms, their Churches being in every case exempted from the jurisdiction of Prelates not of their Order; as proved by the Church at Temple, which anciently was never visited by the Bishop of the Diocese or his subordinate officials. It is said that in the course of years the gallant knights established preceptories in desert and uncultivated places, with the view of introducing inhabitants, or of civilizing the few scattered over the wilderness. Whether this was the case at Temple, or whether it was as local tradition states originally a resting place for bands of Crusaders, we cannot tell now. In the year 1218, the Order of Knights Templar was confirmed at the Council of Troyes, and subject to a rule of discipline drawn up by St Bernard. In every nation (for they soon spread all over Europe) the Order had a particular Governor, called "Master of the Temple." Their Grand Master had his residence in Paris. As time went on, the vow of poverty became a thing of the past. The Order accumulated vast riches, and the knights became men of military renown. The part they took in the wars of the Crusades is well known, and great numbers of them fell fighting for the cause. Nineteen years after the Crusades the whole Order was suppressed through the machinations of the vindictive Philip IV. of France, the enemy of the Church, through whose instrumentality, in 1307, a series of charges was brought against, the Knights by two members of their Order, who had been degraded for their crimes and who were then in prison for theiroffences The Knights were accused of having sold Crusaders in the Holy War into the hands of the Turks, of sacrificing human beings to an idol they worshipped, of spitting upon the Cross of Christ, of worshipping a cat, or a wooden head crowned with gold, and of un natural crimes. Doubtless among many of them riches had multiplied: many were proud, haughty and vicious; arrogance, luxury, and cruelty existed. But the real cause of their ruin lay in the foul act. of Philip the Fair, King of France, who coveted their rich lands, and of Pope Clement V., who had long sojourned in France and wished to do a favour to the King, their great wealth was the real cause. As a quaint old historian says, “The King could not get the honey without he burnt the bees.” It was also partly the result of hatred against their Grand Master at Paris, who had

offended Philip in several matters; and also in the action taken by the Order in his quarrel with Pope Boniface VIII. In this the Knights Templar had taken the Pope’s side against the King, and had furnished him with money to carry on the war. Philip asked the Pope that all the lands of the Knights Templar in France might be forfeited “by reason of their horrible heresies and licentious lives,” and all put in prison and their lands given to bis youngest son. But he was terribly disappointed, for the Council of Vienna ordered all their lands to be given to the Knights Hospitaler. The cruel order was carried out: the whole body was suppressed, the Knights were cast into prison, they were put on the rack, they were burned at the stake. They solemnly avowed their innocence while languishing under the severest tortures, and even with their dying breath denied the crimes with which they were charged. But nothing saved them. A Knight Templar burned at Bordeaux, on his way to the stake, saw the Pope and the King looking secretly from a window, and loudly denounced them for their treachery and cruelty. Edward II. of England was reluctantly drawn into the persecution, and in 1308 an inquisition was made of all the possessions of the fraternity in England, both in lands and goods. The result of this inquisition is preserved in what are called the Templars’ Rolls (2 & 3 Edward II.) in the Public Record Office. These Rolls enter into very minute details, showing even the number of poultry on each estate. Though the Kings both of France and England seized all the property of the Knights and kept the movable goods, it was found they could not retain the landed possessions of the Order, which in England and France were transferred to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, or Hospitalers. Great, difficulties were found, however, in getting possession. In many oases the lords of the fees had seized the estates, and it. was only by process of law they could be recovered; and even as late as 1338 some of the most valuable of the Templars’ manors had not been surrendered. Before the last mentioned dale, they possessed the preceptory and manor of Trehighe in Cornwall, as appears from an extent, of their lands preserved in the Public Library' at Malta. The manors of Trehighe and Temple seem from this time to have gone together. We find when the Order of Knights Hospitaler was suppressed, their lands were transferred to the King, Henry VIII. Then we have an interesting lease by Edward VI. Philip and Mary, however, upon consultation with Cardinal Pole, decided to restore the Order of Knights Hospitaler, and did so; but Queen Elizabeth again dissolved them and seized all their lands. After several interesting changes in ownership, which arc detailed in Sir John Maclean's admirable work on Trigg Minor (to which this pamphlet, is largely indebted) the manors of Trebighe and Temple passed into the Wrey family. Since 1632, Temple Church, once the resting-place arid home of the ancient Knights Templar, the warriors of the Crusades, has been in the gift and has pertainied to the baronetcy of the Wrey family.

River Fowey at Golant 

 The course of the River Fowey and neighbouring rivers in Cornwall   Basin features  Main source Bodmin Moor 298 m (978 ft) River mouth Fowey estuary
50°19′40″N 4°38′30″WCoordinates: 50°19′40″N 4°38′30″W

The River Fowey is a river in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

It rises at Fowey Well (originally Cornish: Fenten Fowi, meaning spring of the river Fowey) about 1-mile (1.6 km) north-west of Brown Willy on Bodmin Moor, not far from one of its tributaries rising at Dozmary Pool and Colliford Lake, passes Lanhydrock House, Restormel Castle and Lostwithiel, then broadens at Milltown before joining the English Channel at Fowey. The estuary is called Uzell (Cornish: Usel, meaning howling place). It is only navigable by larger craft for the last 7 miles (11 km). There is a ferry between Fowey and Bodinnick. The first road crossing going upstream is in Lostwithiel. The river has seven tributaries, the largest being the River Lerryn. The section of the Fowey Valley between Doublebois and Bodmin Parkway railway station is known as the Glynn Valley (Cornish: Glyn, meaning deep wooded valley). The valley is the route of both the A38 trunk road and the railway line (built by the Cornwall Railway in 1859). The railway line is carried on eight stone viaducts along this stretch (see Cornwall Railway viaducts).

The upper reaches of the Fowey are mainly moorland giving way to woodland and farmland, predominantly livestock. This means that 63.6% of the catchment is grassland, with a further 18.3% woodland and 10.7% arable land. Of the remaining 7.5%, 2.6% is urban or built-up areas, 2.5% is mountain, heath and bog and the remainder is inland waters.[2]

The catchment area of the River Fowey covers a total of 41,800 acres (65.3 sq. miles)[3] consisting of kaolinised granite on Bodmin Moor, Devonian slates and grits, and valley gravels.[3] Data collected by the National Water Archive shows that average flow at the Restormel monitoring station is 4.78 cubic m/s and is affected by the reservoirs at Colliford and Sibleyback and by abstraction of water for public supply.

The former quarry of the Glynn Valley China Clay Works has closed down and is now flooded. It was in operation from the 1940s but since 2015 the site has been used for camping.[4]

Golitha Falls Entrance to Golitha Woods River Fowey at Trago Mills

12th-century bridge at Lostwithiel, crossing the river Fowey

The river runs through two Sites of Special Scientific Interest , one of which is also part of a National Nature Reserve . The Upper Fowey SSSI is a floodplain on the southern slopes of Bodmin Moor and is designated for its wet heath vegetation and herbaceous valley-floor mire communities.

Lower down the river at Golitha Falls part of the woodland is designated a NNR and is within the Draynes Wood SSSI. At this point the river runs through a gorge and is of particular importance for ″lower plants″ such as liverworts, mosses and lichens.[6] Golitha pronounced Goleetha is derived from the Cornish word for obstruction.

There is a 1-3-mile (4.8 km) riverside walk, from the visitor car park. Golitha Falls is the site of Wheal Victoria copper mine

The Fowey valley is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty so many hikers, holidaymakers and tourists visit the places of interest and eat freshly caught fish. The river has very pleasant sites and special paths made for hiking and walking along the banks and in the countryside surrounding the towns.

The River Fowey is famous for its sailing because of its natural harbour. In the past it has been visited by up to 7,000 yachts in one season. Almost all sections of the river have been paddled by kayakers and canoeists: the whitewater sections high up on the moor, all the way down to the estuary. Fowey has an excellent local chandlery.

Many fish can be caught in the River Fowey so many fishermen come to enjoy the excellent fishing conditions.

Carne Beacon

Carne Beacon is a Bronze Age barrow on the outskirts of Veryan Churchtown.

The mound (tumulus) is one of the largest in the UK with a circumference of 370 feet (113 metres) and 28 feet (6 metres) at its highest point. It stands at one of the highest points on The Roseland with stunning views over Gerrans Bay.

The barrow is accessible via a gate and a flight of wooden steps.

Local folklore suggests the beacon is the burial site of the Cornish King Gerennius (Gerrenius, Geraint, Gereint, Gerent) of Dumnonia, a tribal chieftain from the 6th century.

Robert Hunt’s ‘Popular Romances of the West of England’ states:

"A tradition has been preserved in the neighbourhood, that Gerennius, an old Cornish saint and king, whose palace stood on the other side of Gerrans Bay, between Trewithian and the sea, was buried in this mound many centuries ago, and that a golden boat with silver oars were used in conveying his corpse across the hay, and were interred with him. Part of this tradition receives confirmation from an account incidentally given of King Gerennius, in an old book called the 'Register of Llandaff.'

It is there stated that, A.D. 588, Teliau, bishop of Llandaff, with some of his suffragan bishops, and many of his followers, fled from Wales, to escape an epidemic called the yellow plague, and migrated to Dole in Brittany, to visit Sampson, the archbishop of that place, who was a countryman and friend of Teliau's. 'On his way thither,' says the old record, 'he came first to the region of Cornwall, and was well received by Gerennius, the king of that country, who treated him and his people with all honour. From thence he proceeded to Armories, and remained there seven years and seven months; when, hearing that the plague had ceased in Britain, he collected his followers, -caused a large bark to be prepared, and returned to Wales.' 'In this,' the record proceeds, 'they all arrived at the port called Din.Gerein, king Gerennius lying in the last extreme of life, who when he had received the body of the Lord from the hand of St Teliau, departed in joy to the Lord.'

'Probably,' says Whitaker, in his remarks on this quotation, 'the royal remains were brought in great pomp by water from Din-Gerein, on the western shore of the port, to Came, about two miles off on the northern; the barge with the royal body was plated, perhaps, with gold in places; perhaps, too, rowed with oars having equally plates of silver upon them; and the pomp of the procession has mixed confusedly with the interment of the body in the memory of tradition.' "

A legend tells us that St Just, son of King Geraint, had been converted to Christianity by the Irish female saint, Boriana (Buryan). St Just in Roseland, is named for him. A St Geraint is celebrated on the 16th May.

There is no archaeological evidence for the existence of this boat. The tumulus was excavated in 1855 when a cairn of stones containing a cist containing ashes, charcoal and dust was found. Several secondary cremations were also found.

Further investigation of the tumulus in 1977 found it to be in good condition.

During World War II it became the first above ground aircraft lookout post in Cornwall See Veryan for details.

Not far from here to the north are the earthworks, Veryan Castle (or Veryan Rounds), a small Iron Age hill fort now known as the ‘Ringarounds’.

Bodmin Moor

by Gorlas. And this murdered King is by tradition also connected with another fortress roughly mid-way between Duloe and Roche -which are south of the Bodmin and Goss Moors respectively -for the field inwhich stands

Castle Dore was called Carhurles meaning 'Gorlas's fortress'.

It therefore seems that the chieftain could have preceded King Mark of the Tristan saga at this earthwork which is known to have been re-occupied in Gorlas's time having been abandoned during the Roman period.

Assuming that the traditional link between the Arthurian and Tristan sagas could be factual and that King Mark DID succeed GORLAS and hold this southern territory by the sixth century, not only must Arthur's domain of Camlan, the oldest form of Camelot, and his stronghold Celliwic be sought elsewhere but the suggested area should be required to fulfil certain conditions in order to present itself a feasible proposition.

As Arthurian events would have taken place slightly before those of the Tristan saga, an Irish incursion should be in evidence for the saga's prologue depicts theCornish at loggerheads with Irish intruders; and a known Roman cavalry tradition is imperative if we are to believe that the proposed area could produce ahorse-borne, armour-clad warrior together with a Carlyon meaning 'camp of the legion' with which he was reputedly associated. Moreover, the suggested district might the more convincingly offer itself were it adjacent to the easiest route out of Cornwall to facilitate movement up-country to a site where the Battle of Badon halted a seeming English advance westward. Finally, we should seek an Avalon for the dying King.

THE IRISH AND CARLYON

The place name Celliwic occurs not only in the Arthurian legend but also, as the variant Caellwig* in later Cornish history and is therefore certainly an area of the county and probably one of the Moorland. Although its site is in dispute, the signs are that It will eventually be permitted to settle where it already hovers between the hill forts of

96 35 32. 2

Killybury and Canyke-by-Callywith, that is in the Camel Valley. And this could be to the dismay of sceptics for Camlan also seems to fit this district. (*page IS)

too

Charters clearly demonstrate that the present misnomer Allen, by which the River Camel's tributary is known instead of by its correct name Laine, originally applied to the* Camel itself and was accurately rendered ALAN. As this River Alan or Camel twisted and turned, the Cornish epithet 'cam' meaning 'crooked' apparently prefixed not only the word 'heyle' meaning 'estuary' but also on occasion the name Alan. Thus, it would seem that the present name Camel is a corruption of one or both of the Cornish names for this river -Camheyle and CAMALAN. °

It might therefore be interesting to seek the required conditions in the Camel Valley. Of six known stones in Cornwall which are inscribed in the Irish script copipri-sing unconnected strokes and called Ogham, five are on Bodmin Moor and three of these in the Camel area. Should the sixth seem curiously remote from the others at Truro, w© maybe forgiven for remembering that one of Arthur's reputed battle sites was on the'River Treuroit. However and regarding names on the three Camel Ogham stones, that at St. Endell ion-which also bears the early ChristianChi Rho symbol, 'XP‘,the first two letters of the Greek word for Christ -commemorates 'Brocagnus', identified with the Irishman Brychan who arrived in Cornwall via Wales. Both names on the Worthyvale Ogham stone are Roman as is the one on the St. Kew memorial.x

An Irish incursion is certainly evident as is also a lingering Roman usage. Th© latter is hardly surprising in an area where Roman road stones at Boscastle and Tintagell and a 'camp of the legion' at Tregear have been found. Moreover, even AFTER the Roman cavalry station at Nanstallon meaning'Vale of Alan'was abandoned, it is apparent that agents of Rome used the most accessible route to and fromEngland across this north coast district at least as late as the fourth century when the Tintagel stone was inscribed. Ami, as some 300 years of contact with Roman custom appears to have influenced the local

Dumnonii so that they seemingly copied the Tregear shape when they built their earthwork at St. Kew, it might reasonably be expected that they would also emulate Roman strategy.

THE ISLE OF AVALLEN

Properly rendered, Avalon is the Celtic word 'avallen' meaning 'apple trees'. Incorporated in several place names, it is included in the name Worthyvale which appeared as 'Guerdevalen1 in the Domesday Book showing that there was an Early English homestead by an orchard adjacent to the area known as Slaughterbridge at the head of the River Camel. In fact, this very district has been traditionally regarded as the setting of the final act of the Arthurian drama.

Such regard, however, has lately been swamped in the scorn which has been poured upon the local name'Arthur's Grave1 for the Ogham stone actually commemorating 'Latinos', upon reports of battle debris found there, and upon the Tintagel paraphernalia so that the mere whisper of Arthur's name in this part of Cornwall seems actionable under the recent Retail Descriptions Act'. Yet, when it is noticed that Worthyvale is virtually an isle amid streamlets and that the word slaughter, probably deriving from the Old English for'muddy', suggests thesurrounding land wasonce mire, it is hard not to suspect that there IS Avalon.

It may seem immaterial that thewoods of Camlanand perhaps even Avaloncannot be seen for the trees of scepticism. However, the Camel Valley which has close on 900 yearsof popular and possibly justifiable identification with the Arthurian legend is largely dependent upon tourism. Surely time and money spent trying to prove Arthur elsewhere is notonly longoverdue, but might the more effectively be invested, in his traditional homeland where associations with him have yet to be CONVINCINGLY refuted'.

QUEST FOR SOULS

Time was when stories of Cornish saints were taken with the dose of salt reserved for thoseof the Arthurian and Tristan legends'. Not so now for the likelihood of essential events of both actually taking place is increasingly accepted. If the militancy of Christianity represented in the Arthurian and Tristan sagas very naturally predominated during the reassertion of Dumnonian tribalism after the Romans had gone, its civilising power was to settle it through the influence of saintly colonists-

Hitherto, the search for living spacehad motivated the movement of peoples, now it was the quest for souls and missionaries from Ireland, Wales and Brittany were to nurture the infant Christianity conceived here in Roman times. So many places on the map retain the names of these saints, the earliest of whom probably emanated from South) Wales where IItut had founded a monastic training school at LIantwit Ma jor in Glamorgan.

A reconstruction of possible events at Bodmin6could represent those in many a Cornish area during the fifth century. The Celts of Bodmin's hill fort, Castle Canyke, might have noticed the arrival of a stranger in the valley below them at the east end of the present Priory Park. Bearded and with the front of his head shaven leaving hair flowing long behind, the intruder would set about collecting stones and,wood which he would take to the spring. Soon he would build a hut, set up a roughly carved standing stone and surround these and his well with a piled-stone wall; and there he would fast and pray for forty days.*

Then he must have visited them, his psalm-book swinging from his waist and the bell on his spade-topped staff sounding his approach. His name was Gwrin, or Guron, and he had journeyed from Wales by sea The fasting and praying were to dedicate his 'Ian1 or monastic enclosure, the stone was a cross to signify a Christian foundation and the hut was his oratory from which he would evangelise the district and which might become his shrine after death. As the people took to him, Guron would celebrate the sa

il

It is mentioned in the Welsh tale Culhwch and Olwen which may date from the 11th century.

The story describes the court as being at Celliwig (callington ) in Cernyw (the Welsh name for Cornwall),

otherwise known as the kingdom of Dumnonia including modern Devon.

The hall is guarded by Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr, Arthur's porter, and Culhwch has difficulty gaining entrance due to the special laws that restrict entry once a feast has begun.

Though there is no description of the place the implications of the story are of great wealth and splendour.

The story describes Arthur's warriors at the court in depth and says that: "From here, one of his Warband, Drem, could see a gnat as far away as Scotland; while another, Medyr, could shoot an arrow through the legs of a wren in Ireland!"

Some of the Trioedd Ynys Prydein (or Welsh Triads) mention Arthur and "Three Tribal Thrones of the Island of Britain" and locate one of his courts at Celliwig:

"Arthur as Chief Prince in Celliwig in Cernyw, and Bishop Bytwini as Chief Bishop, and Caradog Freichfras as Chief Elder."

Caradoc was his chief elder at this court and that Bishop Bytwini or Bedwin was chief bishop. This is one of the early triads found in Peniarth MS 54 reflecting information recorded before Geoffrey of Monmouth. The same triad goes on to say Arthur's other courts were at Mynyw and Pen Rhionydd. The triads also state that at Celliwig Mordred struck Gwenhwyfar a blow. This may have led to the Battle of Camlann.

The early Welsh poem Pagŵryw'r porthor? may also mention the court.

Celliwig was also known to the Cornish as well, as it appears asKyllywycin the Cornish-language play Beunans Ke, written perhaps around 1500.

In the Iolo Manuscripts (1843), a corpus of pseudo-medieval Welsh texts by the renowned literary forger and inventor of tradition Iolo Morganwg (1747–1826), Celliwig is referred as the former site of the"throne of Cornwall"but the text adds that it is now at Caervynyddawg (Caerfynyddog), a site which is otherwise unattested.

A 1302 Cornish legal record mentions a 'Thomas de Kellewik' from west Cornwall, though his exact place of origin is unknown.[3] Celliwig was identified by some Cornish antiquaries from 1816 onwards with Callington (occasionally locally attested as 'Callywith') where the ancient monuments ofCastlewich Henge and Cadson Buryringfort are in close proximity.

Their influence gave Callington its modern name in Common Cornish; Kelly Bray , Cornish :Kellibregh 'dappled grove'is located just to the north. Another suggestion at the time was Kelliwith.[citation needed] Other suggested locations include Gweek Wood[citation needed], and on the coast at Tintagel Barras Nose or Willapark. Rachel Bromwich, the latest editor of the Welsh Triads, matched it toKelly Rounds, a hill fort in the Cornish parish of Egloshayle.This had already been suggested by Charles Henderson in the Cornish Church Guide (1925) (p. 87). Intriguingly, the Ravenna Cosmography identifies a major regional Roman-era settlement as Nemetostatio in central Dumnonia ( identified with North Tawton, Devon) which would translate from Latin as 'The Outpost of the Sacred Grove(s)'.[5] Not far away from the modern Cornish border is the village of Kelly in Devon which takes it name from an ancient local family, attested as far back as the 11th century.

However there are also a number of places called Cernyw or containing that name in Wales, e.g. the place name Coedkernew (Coed Cernyw) in Newport. So it has been suggested that this court might be the hillfort of Llanmelin, near Caerwent. As Caradog is connected to the Kingdom of Gwent this might support this idea. There is also a farm called Gelliweg on the Llŷn peninsula in Gwynedd which one pair of Arthurian researchers and writers, Steven Blake and Scott Lloyd, argue may be the location.[6]

Celliwicas a fictional place

Those who argue that Arthur is a mythic figure also suggest this court is entirely fictional. Given the name means "forest grove... it may have originally been envisaged as somewhere Otherworldly (sacred groves being common in Celtic myth) and only later might a specific location have been ascribed to it."[7

The Strange Dichotomy

Twisting and turning upon itself in great loops and bends, the river Tamar between Gunnislake and Plymouth flows through a hilly and tumbled valley rich in surprises. Half in Cornwall, half in Devon, its unusual and varied scenery is among the least known in the country and it hides relics of an industrial past hardly known outside Devon and Cornwall.

The Tamar Valley today is devoted to agriculture, but in the 1850s and 60s it rivalled West Cornwall in importance as a source of copper. For nearly thirty years after that it was the centre of arsenic production in the British Isles, and it had long been recognized as an important area of lead and silver mining. At a time when ships were changing from sail to steam, furnace-linings for marine boilers were made from the growan clay of its granite hills; bricks from the same clay found a ready export as far afield as Russia.

All these industries—one employed over a thousand people while others were little more than family enterprises—grew up in an isolated countryside where people lived in close contact with their surroundings. Its compact and close-knit character is well illustrated by looking at Calstock in the days when all the

Bat's Castle may once have been known as the legendary fortress Din Draithou , a  place  also associated with a  fortress  built or used by the legendary Irish king and raider Crimthann mac Fidaig.B,bats Castle is an Iron Age hill fort at the top of a 213 metres (699 ft) high hill in the parish of Carhampton south south west of Dunster in Somerset, England. The site was identified in 1983 after some schoolboys found eight silver-plated coins dating from 102BC to AD350. It is on the highest point of Gallox Hill. Previously it was known as Caesar's Camp and is possibly associated  with Black Ball Camp. Bat's Castle has two stone ramparts and two ditches. The ramparts are damaged in places and  the hill fort is partly covered in scrub. Bat's Castle may once have been known as the legendary fortress Din Draithou ,  a place also associated with a fortress built or used by the legendary Irish king and raider  Crimthann mac Fidaig.

46 N A T U R A L H I S T O R Y walls.Here is a ftone bridge of 15 arches * : below this bridge is the Creek, which, thro’ a narrow gut, admits the tide, and with itfmall barks.One mile below Sand-place, the Loo is joined by another ftrcam Uuto, or from the W eft, called D u lo ; that is, the Black Loo, or W ater *. Lo° T h e diftricft through which it moftlv runs, is called D ulo, or Duloo pari i l l , as ‘tis rcafonablc to oonje&urc, from Ibmc apparent darknefs in colour fufticicnt to diftinguifti it from the adjoining ftream o f Eaft Loo, whole whole courfe is at a medium not two miles diftant.This water rifes in the parifh of St. Pinok, and coafting nearly South, becomes navigable at Trelaun wear, about two miles from the S ea ; a mile after it joins the Eaft L o o , and they both pafs the ftonc bridge above-mentioned into Loo C re e k ;its whole courfc being about fevcn miles. FAwy * rifes in Faw y moor at a place called Fawy Well, in the F.wy R«*«- parifti o f Altamun, not far from Brownwilly, one of the higheft mountains in Cornwall .T h e higher part o f this River is al(b called Draincs, and the tirft bridge upon it is by Iceland * called Draincs Bridge; after which periling three other bridges and having taken into its ftream the Rivulets o f St. Ncoe's, Warlegan, and Cardinhain pcuiihcs, it comes to Rcfprin, aliAs Laprin * Bridge, whence, in about three miles, it reaches the borough of I .oftwythycl, where it paftcs a fair ftonc bridge o f nine arches, o f which the water at prefent only ufcth three. In former ages the fca ebbed and flowed above this town ‘, anti Canulcn lays brought up vcflcls o f good burthen : at prefent loadcn barges fcarcc com e within a m ile o f it. In three miles more the FAwy, having taken Fcllyn Hfook from the W eft, receives the water o f Leryn River and Creek from the Enft, and becomes thence a deep and wide Haven : in two miles more it reaches the town and borough o f Faw y on the weftem bunk ; and a little below, being joined by Polnian creek and brook from the Eaft, opens into the Sea, after a run o f twenty* fix miles, betwixt two old towers (built in the rrign o f Edward IV *.) from which there formerly ftretchcd a chain for the defence o f the harbour. T h is is thought the largcft body o f frefh water, except the T lm a r, in all this county.

OF C O R N W A L L . 41 * Iiid<xlin^ two Sv-infr far thr "tort aHiimoJiouflt paJSng Hcn*« lak n with nmol. * W i t r n o ftrw im n rakr fb n r m tm n 

The cholas Iiland, in Plymouth Sound, for the eaftcrn boundary.This River, bv the appointment o f King Athclftan, the Saxon, (A . D. 938.) was to be the general boundary o f the Comifh Britans; but when the Normans came in, and the Kingdom became fubdivided into Lordihips and Manors, (thofe little Kingdoms within a Kingdom) Barons, jealous o f the extent, rights, and honours of their Manors, procured their lands on the borders, to be appropriated to the county in which their domains and chief places o f rcfidcnce were fixed \ Hence it happens that this Saxon law o f Athclftan in four inftanccs has given way to the fuccccding regulations o f the Normans, and though the River is reckoned in Cornwall ’, yet Devonshire intrudes for feven miles in length and three in breadth at Wcrington, and claims the two parifhes there o f Wcrington and North Pedherwyn, as it does alfo the manfion, domain, and park of Mount Edgcumbe, at the Tamar's mouth.This laft incroachment upon the general boundary was owing probably to the powerful intercft of the Valtorts (a noble family o f large revenues in Cornwall, but ufually rcfidcnt in Devon) anticntly proprietors oi the place now called Mount Edgcumbe; and, as I imagine, the former was owing to the like intereft and application o f the Abbye of Tavyftock in Devon, which had the property of Werington, and (as Lcland fays, vol. III. page 1 1 5.) “ had fair landcs thereabout.” But though thefe places were, by the interpofition o f their Lords, fubjedted to the civil authority o f Devon, yet care was taken to prcferve the rights o f the Clergy inviolate: they are taxed as belonging to tire Hundreds of Cornwall in the Lincoln taxation, made in the 16th o f Edward I. A . D. 12 8 8 , and they ftill continue fubjedt to the jurifdicfion o f the Archdeacon o f Cornwall. On the other hand, Cornwall alfo exceeds its anticnt limits near North Tamarton, having a fin all flip oi land o f about two miles iquare on the caftcrn bank, but why, I am not informed: again, over againft Saltafh, it claims a finall portion o f land not a mile fquare, owing, as I imagine, to the application of the Lords o f Saltalh, and the Caftlc of Trcmaton adjoining. The next confiderable River is the Lynhcr, called fo from the Lake it makes before it joins the Tamar at Hamozc It rifes on the hills o f Altarnun parilh, about eight miles Weft o f Lancefton, coafts down to the South South Eaft through the parifhes o f North - hill, Linkinhorn, and South-hill; and palling about a mile from the * Three are lome iUUncci of thi* klsxl in tbcnfo:c be daimed a pvr of ths* County.** «h tr couiV.ics icd indeed in forekro couMlin, Carcw, pjsr 99. which n (onfirntcd alt> h) ilo pu u u b riy in Gcnniny, where all M pertain to the hi*tow ycaily, rwcle, lot <h»m lw within wfc*C Otbtr circle footer. and the smchoMgc and fudigc of all (liauj'-.cr Clips i Plot. Otfordrtiire, chap vi. fodf. Ix m t . all bekuuang to the Uxoogh of Saluxhcin Cotc- • “ ThejuritoUliono f the Water duh wholly w a i f N uiJtn, pigecK. ajjperuin to the Dutchv o f Cornwall, and may • Sco Lcliad itui. vol. V . p. 79. borough 38 N A T U R A L HISTORY borough o! Calinton, divides the park at Ncwton-fcrrcrs, formerly the Scat o f the late Sir John Coryton, Bart, and by Pillatou and Lanrake comes to Natter (alias Noddetor) B rid g e w h e re it is navigable, and, by the help o f the Sea, begins Lynhcr Creek : hence continuing its courfe four miles farther, between the parishes of Chcviock and St. Stephens, it then turns to the Eaft, and, agreeably to its name Lynher *, making a fair liavcn betwixt Eaft Anthony and St. Stephen’s, joins the Tim or, after a comic o f about twenty-four miles.In tire fummer this Bream is final!, but in the winter rapid, overflowing, one! dangerous, o f which alternate extremes Mr. Carew (page h i .) in quaint, but not unharmonious ftrain, thus cxprcflcs himfelf according to the manner o f his time*.I. When fun the earth leaft fhadow fpares, And higheft Balls in heaven his feat, Then Lyner’s peebly bones he bares, Who like a lamb doth lowly bleat, And faintly Aiding, every rock Plucks from his foamy fleece a lock. II. Before a River, now a Rill, Before a fence, now fcarcc a bound, • Children him o’crlcap at will, Small bcafts his dccpcft bottom found, 'I he heavens with brafs enarch his head, And earth o f iron makes his bed. m . But when the mildcr-moodcd fkic I lis face in mourning weeds doth wrap, For abfcncc of his clcarcft die, And drops tears in his center’s lap, Lyncr gynncs lion-like to roare, And looms old bankes fhould bound him more. IV . 1 lien, fccond Sea, he rolles, and bears Rocks in his wombc, rickes on his backe, Downe-borne bridges, up-torne wears, Witncflc and wayle his force, their wracke I nr. pi£C j S , call* it Natter \ extraordinary (prod c f water d t t fmake in fome ^ lre'v» 1* 8* S *. particular plan-: thus we have in th'u County R iw « c * W I * . fn.m their n,*k,„B , Ipkr i ft Lake, it their mouth: hfrfiraif: Scoji Lynher, tagujbeus. hewg wt mfoi (ria> U)C . Ra.a u- EjSi,*.Into O F C O R N W A L L . 39 depofit o f this W ater might give fufficicnt rcafon for the aflertion. Petrifying Waters ; fuch, I mean, as w ill incruft bodies put into them with ftonc, I have not yet heard o f any in Cornwall, except the W ater at H oly W ell, in Cuthbert, before-mentioned (pag. 32.) m ay be called Io. Our R iver, Lake, or Sea W ater, have not any taftc, colour, or property, more than common, but m uft however . be here treated o f as to their rife, courfes, extent, and illuc, harbours, and tides; their prcfent ufcfulncfs, and their capacity o f being render’d ftill more ufeful. 36 NATURAL HISTORY CHAP. IV . O f the R ivers and navigable Creeks in Cornwall. I N the middle o f this County, betwixt the North and South Sea, the land is mountainous, (as has been obferved before, chap. i.) and the mountains m ake a kind o f broken chain the whole length o f C orn w all; the links o f this chain arc much more large and maftivc, if I may fo fey, in the Eaft where the land is widcft, but they contrad and narrow themfelvcs as they tend to the W eftward, conforming their fizc, as well as lhaping their courfc according to the land. On each fide this high ridge the land fpreads into a plainer furfacc, rather more hilly on the North than on the South, but on both fidcs declining to the fca. T h is general difpofition o f the land is far from being difedvantagcous; lor the ridge o f hills running nearly Eaft and W eft, by intercepting the rain, fogs, and dews, diftributcs them again in plentiful and frequent ftrcams, on either fide watering the Sea Coaft, the Northern Coaft well, but the Southern much better ; an cffcA entirely owing to the rains being more frcoucnt on the Southern fide o f our hills, than thofc which com e from the North. Upon the whole, it may fefdy he alfcrtcd, that few fpots o f land o f equal extent in England arc fo well watered as • Cornwall. Tamar. T am ar • is the Eaftcm moft River in C o rn w a ll; it rifcs in Morw inftow, the moft Northern parilh o f this County, about three miles from the Sea C o aft: in Ju n e 1757 fb inconfidcrablc at its (burcc, that it was with fomc difficulty we found where it rifcs, • “ A (r e x ir imkcr of c m Urge* l t « n begin t*T > GfaCar. p a x j 6 j . “ M ir . M ir , and M«V, with th* ntird T a v m i T n r, or, »» m tm idy 6g n £ rd w k n d / W x e r x %.dl at Sea," M i. written, T a m or T a n . Hence T l x * or T h x o « , axgt »6 6 . T i m * thrrriurr fir nil** the brae l av, I'a u v , See. T V . T a m • in >0 p r o b * W R o v r-w x rr. m i DumU be wnttrn T x n a c , q u * the fame with the (irrek T a n a * in lU k » n * • in Tao-tnat Ckeck b a n f in M prryc(m.< " L W r d n Bax which which was on the fummic o f a moor, from whence the ground, declining to the N orth, makes w ay for part o f the water to run northerly,which is the head o f the R iver Turndgc, navigable a lirtic above the town o f Bidcford, and the ground (helving away on the other lidc at the fame time to the South, drains away the begs o f the fame moor to the Southward from the lame fountain, and forms the beginning o f T am ar, which, at the diftance o f ten miles, becomes coniidcrablc enough to give name to the fmall parifh and village o f North Tam arton *, where leaving a bridge ot ft one, it continues 011 to the South till it enters the parilh ofSt. Stephen**', at the comer o f which parifh it receives a very plentiful ftrcam, called Wcrington River. About a m ile and h alf farther down it receives the Atcrey “ River (which runs under the w alh o f Lanccfton), and becomes foon after, at Polftun bridge ’, a confidcrablc, wide, and rapid ftrcam. Hence it coafts on nearly South, receiving the brooks from each fide, till it has palled Graiftun * bridge *, a mile below which, it receives the Low icy River, and foon after a more plentiful ftrcam from A ltam un, Lcw anic, and Lczant pariihcs, called die l ay, and the place where it joins the T am ar, called lim y-foot \ T h e Tam ar incrcafing ftill, has a high, ftrong, ftonc bridge, in Stokdym lland, called commonly Horfe Bridge, but by L d a n d 9 I law teb rig; that is, H igh Bridge. T h e l.ift bridge on this River is in the parifh o f G ilftok, begun, lays Ld and ', by Sir Pcrfe Edgcumbc *. T h e tide almoft reached this bridge in the time o f Henry V III *. but it was navigable 110 further than M orldum , about two miles below, to which fmall Ixirks ftill come.Five miles farther down, the Tamar receives the T a v y on the Eaft, and, having nude a Creek into the parilhes o f Botsflcming and Landulph on the Weft, becomes a fpacious harbour, and walhing the loot o f the anticnt borough o f Saltalh within h alf a mile, is joined by the Lynhcr Creek and River, then palling ftrnight forward forms the noble harbour of Hamaoze called formerly Tamarworth • ; where making two large Creeks, one called St. Jo h n ’s, the other M illbrook, at the Weft, and Stonehoufe Creek at the Eaft, (after a courfc of about forty miles, nearly South) the Tamar pallet into the Sea, having Mount Edgcumbe lor its weft cm , and the Linds o f Sionchoufc and St. Ni- * The Tam an or P iA - y . aa . f a f p U , u . «hc « « t. - p jg f , 5 . • T V fane R ircr g i» « name alfe lo a wood ' hi that i s the wrt o o iy cholas O F C O R N W A L L . 37 ( J » I-Hand, ih. for A h- hf, mirk || m U tirrn o i ncaM*., (fcttMdrf k l.tfc rtU * tt Vink ktw orn the w alb, ual tm n tj-fc k n high Into men’s houfcs fierce lie breakes, And on each ftop his rage he wrcakcs. V. Slicphcard adieus h» fwymming flockc, The hindc his whelmed harveft hope, The ftrongeft rampirc fears his fhockc, Plaines fcarcc can fcrvc to give him febpe, Nor hills a barre, whcrefo he ftray’th Enfuc lofs, tcrrour, ruinc, death. Ri’™ Ti* ’ The Lynhcr Creek, about lour miles below Natter bridge, joins cr lxt' St. German's Creek, made by the River Tidi, which has its rile on die South fide o f Giradon Hid, near Lilkcrd, where there is a place called Tidicomb, another Tidcwcll; and after,dividing Qucthiok pariih from Minhcncth, it enters the pariih o f St. German near Molinic, and about two miles lower becomes navigable at a place called Tidiford, (or the firft ford on die Tidi) about two miles lower, it walhes the fidcs o f the anticnt borough and formerly Epifcopal See o f St. German, w Ik iic c the Creek below is called St. German’s Creek; and joining the Lynhcr, dicy both together proceed into the Tamar. ScuonRJxr. Seaton is the next River: it rifcs in St. Clare, about four miles to the North-Iiaft o f Lilkcrd; and palling within a mile of that borough to a place thence called Lanfcaton, goes through Minheneth parilli, and dividing St. German’s on the liaft from Morval, and St. Martin’s on the Weftcrn lank, falls into the Sea at Seaton, after a court: o f about twelve miles. The anticnt town, which probably gave name to this water, mud have lain at its mouth, or opening into the Sea; but there arc no remains to lie feen : the town there - forc has probably Ixxn fwallowcd up by the encroachments of the Sea, which in this place have been very confidcrablc, ii we may regard the tradition o f the neighbourhood. Loo. <* Eaft Loo, or liaft Loo ‘,has its rife alio in the highlands o f St. Clare; LooR.vc.*. an(j pa{]*uig undcr Lilkcrd park, divides Kcync jwrilh from Lilkcrd, then Morvai from D ulo; and becoming navigable at Sand-placc, empties itfelf, about three miles after, between two little boroughs, which have their names, liaft Loo and Weft Loo, from the River, as the River has its name from the large Pool, which it makes every full tide, between the two towns. Its whole courfe is about ten miles. Here is a ftonc bridge o f fifteen arches*, one hundred and forty-one yards long, and fix feet three inches wide betwixt the Alfo I m v mil I v v w , Inland, vol. V II. I r .i j i . Soy. I.och. Anglicc, l.ihc, 1' o.l.orPo- \ page 1 13. via Ixiw , ib. p»gc 1 14. sixl >>.l. III. iivh»&n£ („*, kjuarc- iv v ti-iv -. made for The page -;6. W iiijte Lhuch, O xiw -briu If. more on iirn o io u flyp afl.ifjb ai:,! i-icn wkH walls.4o NATURAL HISTORY T h e next navigable ftrcam is the Fa! which rifes at a place called Fenton V a l, (that is, the fource o f Fal) about two miles W eft o f R oche H ills, and running about eight miles to the South, may be called a plentiful ftrcam at the borough o f Granpont, where it pafles under a ftonc bridge that gave the prefent name to this borough, but has nothing clfe remarkable. About a mile below this bridge the River was formerly navigable, at leaft for boats ; but is now deprived o f that great advantage; in three miles farther, it reaches the borough and bridge o f Trcgeny.T o this place in the laft century the dcfign o f making the River Fal navigable by fluices up to Granpont was nearly completed by one Colonel T revanion; but this attempt, fo much for the benefit o f the adjacent country, had no co n fere n ce but what fbould be mentioned with concern ; I mean, that o f exhaufting the private purfc o f this publicfpiritcd Gentleman.A mile below Trcgeny Bridge the waters begin to spread, and afliflcd by the tide, and many little brooks on cither hand, forms a Creek, about three miles long, called Lamoran * Creek.

Here, having wafhed theSou-hcm fide o f the lands and park o f Trcgothnan, feat o f the Right Honourable Lord Vifcount Falmouth, it is joined by T ru ro C reek, a noble body o f water to which the Rivers o f Kem vyn and St. Allen give the fuft rife, and meeting at the borough of Truro, make with the tide a navigable chancl for (hips of io o ton burthen to come up to the town Kaye. From Truro , after making a fniall Creek to the W eft, in two miles it joins St. Clement’s Creek, which is navigable for barges, three miles to the Eaft, as far as Trefilicn Bridge. Truro Creek and St. Clement’s at their meeting make M orpas» R ode, and proceeding about a mile farther, meet the Fal at the mouth o f Lam oran C reek, whence they all together, under the name o f F al, in two miles more reach the principal branch o f Falmouth I 1 arbour, called Cnrrcg R o d e ; hither flows from the Weft ward Trcthcag River, and with fomc other Brooks from the North farm Rcflrongct Creek \ Mclor, or Milor Creek is n e x t; finall, but fhdtcrcd ’ : then comes the great Creek, or rather Harbour, called K ing's-R od c, which has Flufhing to the Eaft, and the populous town o f Falmouth to the Weft, and is navigablc two miles up to the borough and port of Pcnryn, whither mips o f io o ton and fomcwhat more may come up. A little below this laft-mcntioncd town, on each fide o f the Creek, there was a jutty head, and, to guard the gap between, * In l-cland, V o l. 5. page 1 7 , F a U . u n it fed : u-hcrt thr R iv rr and Sea wcrt. C oit F a l l ; that is Fala-vnoodj the amimt a u w r f » T h a t b , the po&agr over the S i a , in Inland. Granpont, motr n u n , or M edium j that o , t

Definition of medieval

The adjective medieval literally means “of the Middle Ages,” i.e., the period between antiquity (the Roman world) and the early modern era 

Common chronological range

Historians most often treat the Middle Ages as roughly the 5th century to the 15th century: from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire (commonly dated 476) up to the Renaissance and early modern transitions around 1400–1500 

Standard subperiods and their usual dates

• Early Middle Ages: about 500–1000.
• High Middle Ages: about 1000–1300.
• Late Middle Ages: about 1300–1500.
  These are conventional labels; exact boundaries vary by region and by the historian’s focus 

What authors usually mean when they write “medieval”

• Broad cultural sense: the social, political, religious, and material world shaped by feudal institutions, Christendom, and post‑Roman societies in Europe between Late Antiquity and the Renaissance 
• In specialised works an author may narrow the term (for example, “medieval urban law” might mean 1100–1400), so check the author’s period definition in introductions or captions 

Origin and first use of the word

The English term derives from Latin medium aevum “middle age.” The modern English adjective (often spelled mediaeval earlier) was coined in the 19th century from that Latin phrase; recorded modern forms date from the early 1800s (commonly cited 1825 for the form medieval/mediaeval) 

Quick guidance for reading historical scripts

When you encounter “medieval” in a text, assume 5th–15th centuries unless the author states otherwise; for precise work always look for the author’s explicit chronological scope because usages and boundary years differ by topic and region 

Bronze Age time boundaries overview

The Bronze Age is a cultural-technical phase defined by the pervasive use of bronze (an alloy of copper with tin or arsenic), alongside associated changes in technology, trade, burial practice, and social organisation. Its absolute dates vary widely by region because metallurgy and associated cultural changes spread at different times. Below are commonly used regional ranges and practical guidance for tagging or labelling gazetteer entries.

Common regional date ranges

• Near East and Anatolia
  Early Bronze Age: c. 3300–2100 BCE; Middle Bronze Age: c. 2100–1600 BCE; Late Bronze Age: c. 1600–1200 BCE.
• Aegean (Greece and Cyclades)
  Early Bronze Age: c. 3000–2000 BCE; Middle Bronze Age: c. 2000–1600 BCE; Late Bronze Age: c. 1600–1100 BCE.
• Central and Western Europe
  Broad Bronze Age: c. 2300–800 BCE; subdivided (Early/Middle/Late) roughly as Early c. 2300–1500 BCE, Middle c. 1500–1200 BCE, Late c. 1200–800 BCE.
• British Isles (including Devon and Cornwall)
  Broad Bronze Age: c. 2500–800 BCE; Early Bronze Age often starts c. 2500–2000 BCE (after Late Neolithic/Beaker horizons), Late Bronze Age ends c. 800 BCE.
• South Asia (Indian subcontinent)
  Indus-related Bronze Age/Harappan: c. 3300–1300 BCE (mature Harappan c. 2600–1900 BCE); local Bronze-using traditions continue and overlap with early Iron use.
• East Asia
  Bronze Age in China: roughly c. 2000–771 BCE (Xia-Shang-Zhou sequences; Shang c. 1600–1046 BCE is strongly bronze-rich).
• The Americas and parts of Sub-Saharan Africa
  No true widespread Bronze Age phase comparable to Old World sequences; metallurgy often appears much later and in different forms.

Practical guidance for mapping and gazetteer work

• Use region-specific ranges rather than a single global boundary.
• For ambiguous or single-site reports, prefer relative labels: Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, or Bronze Age (broad)with a numeric range (e.g., Bronze Age c. 2500–800 BCE).
• Where chronology is uncertain, record both: cultural label(Bronze Age) and confidence/precision(e.g., high if radiocarbon dated; low if typological only).
• Include key local markers in metadata: metallurgy present; Beaker/urnfield/bronze-ritual features; radiocarbon dates range; typology links.
• Allow fields for overlapping phases (e.g., “Late Neolithic / Early Bronze Age transitional”) and for caveats like reuse or later disturbance.

Why ranges differ and how to communicate that

• Start and end dates depend on: first local alloy production; availability of tin or copper sources and trade; cultural adoption of bronze technologies; and the arrival of ironworking.
• Use wording that communicates variability: “Bronze Age (regional: c. 2500–800 BCE)”or “Bronze Age — British Isles convention: c. 2500–800 BCE”.
• When precision matters, attach dating evidence: radiocarbon ranges, stratigraphic context, or diagnostic artefact types.

Short recommended labels for database fields

• Period label: Bronze Age
• Region qualifier: e.g., British Isles
• Numeric range: e.g., c. 2500–800 BCE
• Subdivision: Early / Middle / Late (if known)
• Dating confidence: High / Medium / Low
• Dating evidence: Radiocarbon; typology; stratigraphy; historical reference

The suffix ‘ton’ constitutes a sort of test word,” says Mr. Isaac Taylor, “ by which we are able to discriminate the Anglo-Saxon settlements.”1 “A tun or ‘ton ’ was a place
surrounded by a hedge, or rudely fortified by a palisade”

The passage you quoted is part of the author’s argument that Plympton’s name is unmistakably Anglo‑Saxon, and that the key to recognising this lies in the suffix ‑ton. The PDF you have open confirms this discussion in its treatment of early Plympton history .

🏰 What ‑tonActually Signifies

The core point is that ‑ton(Old English tūn) originally meant:

• An enclosed place— literally a fenced or hedged area

• A defended homestead or settlement— often with a palisade

• A farmstead that could grow into a village or manor

So when you see a place‑name ending in ‑ton, you are almost always looking at:

• A Saxon foundation, or

• A Saxon renamingof an older site they took over.

This is why Isaac Taylor calls it a “test word”: it reliably marks Anglo‑Saxon occupation or administrative control.